1. Digital Interest View
2. impure views
3. The concept of sympathy
4. Karma concept
5. The concept of boundary separation
Buddhism has always attached importance to meditation. No matter in primitive Buddhism, Mahayana Buddhism and Vajrayana tantra, there are their own meditation methods, among which the most common and basic practice methods are the five-stop mind view and the four thoughts place. These two methods were recorded in the early Buddhist scriptures and have been used ever since.
To put it simply, the purpose of practicing the concept of "five stops" is to calm and purify the turbulent and turbid state of the heart, so as to concentrate the mind and achieve positive definite. From the experience of five stops to developing wisdom through observing four thoughts, this is the main way to get rid of the cycle of life and death.
Extended data:
Historical factions of Buddhism
original buddhism
Buddhism originated in ancient India in the 5th century BC. The founder was Siddhartha Gautama (565-486 BC). At the age of 20, he left home and became a monk. Since then, he has been honored as "Buddha", which means enlightened person, and the religion he preached is called "Buddhism". Hundreds of years after the Buddha showed nirvana, Buddhism spread all over the Indian subcontinent and was called primitive Buddhism. This period is called primitive Buddhism period.
One hundred years after the death of the Buddha, primitive Buddhism was divided many times because of different understanding of the doctrine, and entered a sectarian period.
Southern Buddhism
After the first division of Buddhism, primitive Buddhism was divided into the Ministry of Seating and the Ministry of Mass. The Atheistic Sect spread southward, prevailing in Sri Lanka, spread to Southeast Asia such as Myanmar and Thailand, and then spread to China, Yunnan, Guangxi and other places. Called Southern Buddhism. The languages used in the Sanzang Classics recited by Upper Left Buddhism mainly belong to Pali language family, so they are also called Pali language family and Pali language family.
Modern Southern Buddhism in China is mainly distributed in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Dehong Autonomous Prefecture, Simao, Lincang and Baoshan. Most of the Dai, Bulang, Achang and Wa people believe in Southern Buddhism. See Dai Buddhism.
Southern Buddhism inherited the Buddhist system of "Upper Buddhism" and followed the teachings and practices of the Buddha and his disciples, so it was also called Upper Buddhism.
Buddhism in China
Buddhism spread to the north by land and sea. Land was introduced into China from northwest India and western countries via the ancient Silk Road (in the era of India's Great Yue and Gui Dynasties, its sphere of influence once directly covered the western regions and bordered on the western border of China), and another route was directly introduced into southern China by sea, such as the founders of Dharma and Zhen Zhen, who all came directly to China from the sea and landed in Guangzhou and went north.
India's mainland Buddhism and Bodhisattva's Buddhism were introduced to the East at the same time. In addition to Mahayana classics, China is rich in audio-visual classics of various Indian schools. The founder of Dharma came to the west and once praised "the land of the East and the land of China, what a great weather!"
Due to the social environment and humanistic roots of China culture, the mainstream of Buddhism in Han Dynasty was Bodhisattva Buddhism (also known as Mahayana Buddhism). It is said that Buddhism in the Han Dynasty was not accepted and popularized like Bodhisattva Buddhism, especially for later generations, "Buddhism in the Han Dynasty" almost became synonymous with Mahayana Buddhism. Because the language used in Han Buddhism is mainly Chinese, it is also called "Han Buddhism".
Buddhism was officially introduced into China around 1000 ... Different from Indian cultural tradition, after Buddhism was introduced into China, the translation of Buddhist scriptures began, which was a systematic translation in written form under the strict system of the royal official monk organization.
With Emperor Hanming officially welcoming the Buddha, in the following hundreds of years, there was an endless stream of eminent monks in the western regions of Tianzhu and the Central Plains, such as Kumarajiva, Zhen Zhen and Faxian. Master Xuanzang traveled to dozens of countries in the Tang Dynasty to learn from the scriptures, and the big and small schools achieved the highest results. After successfully returning to the Tang Dynasty, Indian Buddhism was gradually translated into Chinese through the classics of various schools.
At this time, the major sects in East China have matured one after another, with many eminent monks and witnesses. From the study and interpretation of teachings to the widespread spread among the people, the brilliant practice of Mahayana Buddhism in China and the prosperous times of Sui and Tang Dynasties complement each other. The center of Buddhism in the world gradually moved to China, and then spread to Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, Singapore and China and Tibet.
Buddhism has now become a world religion. Since then, Indian Buddhism has declined and disappeared. China's collection of Buddhist translations is the most comprehensive, systematic and complete.
The exact time when Buddhism was introduced into China is still inconclusive, and opinions vary. The most widely circulated story is that in the 10th year of Yongping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (67 years), Emperor Hanming sent envoys to the Western Regions to solicit Buddha statues and ancient books, invited monks such as Kayamoton and Zhu Falan to Luoyang, and established the first official temple-Luoyang White Horse Temple, which is the birthplace of China Temple. In this temple, the Forty-two Chapters Sutra, the earliest Buddhist scripture translated by China, was completed. ?
Buddhism in China entered the stage of prosperity and development from the Southern and Northern Dynasties. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Buddhism had spread all over the country, and the number of Buddhist monks and nuns at home increased rapidly. According to the records of Galand in Luoyang in the Northern Wei Dynasty, the number of temples in Luoyang reached 1367 in its heyday, while there were more than 10,000 monks and nuns in Chang 'an in the north and hundreds of Buddhist temples in Jianye (now Nanjing) in the south.
The Sui and Tang Dynasties were the heyday of Buddhism in China. The royal family in Sui Dynasty believed in Buddhism and the emperor in Tang Dynasty believed in Taoism, but they adopted a policy of tolerance and protection for Buddhism and many other religions. Buddhism has gradually matured in China.
In the later period of feudal society, Buddhism declined in the Han Dynasty, with loose precepts, abandoned jungles, ignorant monks and prevailing superstitions. Since modern times, Buddhism has developed in all directions under the impetus of a group of Buddhist men of insight such as Yang and others.
During the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, a large number of patriotic monks, such as Master Taixu, a famous Buddhist social activist, actively supported the Anti-Japanese War, which was widely publicized around the world for moral and material support. The Buddhist community has also organized a rescue team of monks on the battlefield, which has made due contributions to the freedom and independence of the motherland.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the Buddhist community in the Han Dynasty first participated in the land reform movement with the people of the whole country, abolished the feudal landlord ownership and other various exploitation systems, and the Buddhist cause developed day by day.
1952, 165438+ 10, the preparatory office of the Chinese Buddhist Association was established, 1953, the Chinese Buddhist Association was established in Beijing, and Master Yuan Ying was elected as its president. Since the reform and opening up in China, the policy of freedom of religious belief has been resumed and implemented, which has made new progress in Buddhism in China. ?
Lamaism
Tibetan Buddhism is mainly popular in Tibet, Yunnan, Sichuan, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Gansu, Inner Mongolia and other provinces, and is widely believed by Tibetans, Mongolians, Yugurs, Menba, Lhoba and Tus. ?
The discipline system of Tibetan Buddhism is a complete Buddhist system, including monks, monks, lay people and other disciplines.
Tibetan Buddhism has two meanings: first, it refers to Buddhism formed in Tibetan areas and spread through Tibetan areas, affecting other areas (such as Mongolia, Sikkim and Bhutan); The second refers to Buddhism spread in Tibetan. For example, Mongolian, Naxi, Yugur, Tu and other ethnic groups teach, argue, recite and write in Tibetan even though they have their own languages or characters, so they are also called "Tibetan Buddhism".
Uygur Buddhism
From the end of 19 to the beginning of the 20th century, a large number of ancient Uighur documents were unearthed in the Western Regions and Dunhuang, most of which were Buddhist. These documents have filled many gaps in historical records, provided unprecedented information for the study of ancient Uighur Buddhism, history, literature and language, attracted extensive attention from international academic circles, and a large number of research results have emerged.
The study of Uighur Buddhist literature can be said to be the most brilliant field in the study of ancient Buddhism in the western regions in the 20th century. At the turn of the century, it is of great significance to summarize and review these achievements.
According to the inscription and postscript of the Uighur text Meeting Maitreya found in Turpan and Hami, the document was translated from Tuholo. Inferred from the documents unearthed in Turpan, in addition to the Indian language (Sanskrit was the earliest, as well as Gandhara proverbs, and the Sanskrit language in the Guishuang Dynasty of India once covered this area), Serbian and Sogdian also played a vital role in the spread of Buddhism in the Tarim Basin before Uighur moved westward.
Like the Sogdians, the Tuholo monk took the baton from the Indian monks and further spread Buddhism to the Turks in the East. Promote Buddhism from Central Asia to East Asia. Their influence on ancient Turks and Uighurs was earlier than that of Han Buddhism.