The domicile refers to the domicile of China citizens before the age of 18, that is, the place of birth (according to the latest geographical division) or residence, not the domicile of parents or grandparents. And the "ancestral home" should be traced back to which generation, usually great-grandparents. For example, Zhang San's previous hukou was in Sichuan, his birthplace was in Hubei, and his ancestral home (great-grandparents and above) was in Hunan. Now his registered permanent residence has moved from Sichuan to Beijing. To be exact, his native place is Hunan. XXX people are often used, where XXX refers to someone's native place, not his domicile place. For example, "Hunan people" means that someone's native place is Hunan, not that someone's household registration place is Hunan.
For example, Zhu, a famous philosopher, thinker, educator, poet and representative of Fujian School in the Southern Song Dynasty, was born in Wuyuan County, Huizhou Prefecture, Jiangnan East Road in the Southern Song Dynasty, and is now a native of Wuyuan, Jiangxi Province. Wuyuan was transferred from Anhui to Jiangxi during the Kuomintang period, then transferred back to Anhui in 1947, and transferred to Jiangxi province in 1949 after liberation. Zhu's paternal line from the Tang Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty, his ancestral home was Wuyuan in Huizhou (now Jiangxi, originally Anhui), born in Nanjian State, and his ancestral home was Youxi in Nanjian State (now Nanping), now in Youxi County, Fujian Province). His fathers, Zhu Song and Song Xuanhe, were governors of Zhenghe County, Fujian Province. After living in Jianyang (now Fujian), they moved to Kaoting. When I was young, I obeyed my father's orders, studied under Liu Zikai and others, and settled in Chong 'an (now Wuyishan City, Fujian Province) with my mother. International students live in Yanping, Jianzhou, Jianyang and Chong 'an (now Nanping to Jianxi in Wuyishan City). Zhu's example is very suitable to solve the problem of how to fill in the place of origin in the case of frequent migration of a large number of people in modern times: although Zhu was born in Youxi County, Nanjian Prefecture, and later moved to Jianyang, his ancestral home was in Wuyuan from the Tang Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty, so Zhu's native place is Wuyuan, Huizhou, that is, Zhu was from Wuyuan, Huizhou in the Southern Song Dynasty. In addition, according to the document of the Ministry of Public Security [1995]9 1, the native place of a citizen should be the residence of his grandfather (including the above ancestors); If grandfather died, fill in the location of the household registration at the time of grandfather's death; If the grandfather has not left the permanent residence, fill in that the grandfather should leave the permanent residence; After a citizen registers his native place, if his grandfather moves his household registration, his native place will remain unchanged.
China attached great importance to native place in ancient times.
In ancient China, native place was very important. Even if fathers and ancestors are senior officials, their children will still return to their hometown to participate in scientific research.
One day in July of the forty-second year of Qianlong, the emperor Qianlong, known as the "perfect old man", was 67 years old, but he was not confused at all. He still has the energy to meet Zhang Tingtai, a Zhejiang official who was unpaid in Shaoxing. In a word, a six-product official can see the face of the sun, which can be described as a mighty emperor.
But that's the problem.
As usual, the emperor will ask the official's birthplace, origin, resume, etc., to show cordial concern. Zhang replied that he was from Shuntianfu, Zhili (now Beijing), and the shrewd Emperor Qianlong recognized the Shaoxing accent. This was a big event at that time. First, Zhang may have participated in scientific research in Beijing at the risk of Shuntian Tianfu. Although Zhang Tingtai recalled: "My father and I lived in Shaoxing for several years, so we learned its local accent." Still furious, I recognized Zhang's southern accent in two sentences. Did you "censor the voice" for nothing?
Censorship of imperial history is specially set up to crack down on "scientific research immigrants", that is, "taking false records".
In ancient China, native place was very important. Even if fathers and ancestors are senior officials, their children will still return to their hometown to participate in scientific research. In the Qing Dynasty, there were strict regulations on the registration place of exams. Grandfather has been naturalized in a certain place for more than 20 years, and there are ancestral graves, fields and houses in the local area before he can register for the exam. Later, candidates were naturalized for more than 20 years before they were allowed to take the exam. The imperial court prevented "derailment" in order to balance the interests of all parts of the unified empire to the maximum extent and maintain political stability.
There were measures to prevent "counterfeiting" in the Song Dynasty, but because the territory was not as big as that of the Ming and Qing Dynasties at that time and the economic and cultural development in various places was relatively balanced, this regulation was not very strict. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was different. The empire has a vast territory and a large number of scholars, but the development of economy, culture and education in various places is extremely uneven, which requires policy tilt in some places. Deng Yunxiang introduced in the Eight-part Essay of Qing Dynasty: "Juren has been finalized in various provinces. Generally, there are only a few hundred or zero students, so the difficulty and degree of the exam are very different between the provinces with developed culture and the remote provinces with poor culture. There are more than 10,000 test sites in Jiangning, Jiangnan (namely Gong Yuan) and Zhejiang Hangzhou, and there are more than 10,000 candidates, but the admission rate is about 1%, that is, only one person can be selected among more than 100 people. "
Therefore, after entering the Qing dynasty, the court also formulated a series of measures to prevent the shortcomings of the imperial examination. Zoning quota and rural examination are two basic principles of imperial examination system in Qing Dynasty. "College entrance examination immigrants" were called "false registration" in ancient times, that is, the native place of other counties was wrongly identified as the native place of their own county. First, to prevent counterfeiting, that is, to impersonate one's native place, means that non-native people pretend to be native people to take the exam. Shunzhi two years (1645) ......
It is not only a provincial examination for candidates, but also the lowest level of scientific research-candidates (that is, scholars), with different difficulties. Mr. Qi Rushan said that in his hometown of Levin, Zhili, when the style of writing was in full swing, more than 30 young students only took one trainee, while in Laiyuan, the same province, the candidates were often not enough to be admitted, and basically they could write the first two lines of eight-part essay fluently, so they could be admitted. Because the enrollment is based on the county, students are familiar with each other, and it is easy to be reported if they want to "impersonate". In addition, there is a candidate "sponsorship" system. Candidates take money to ask "Mangsheng" (a kind of student who can receive government food, equivalent to public students) as a sponsor. Before the exam, the examiner will call it "sponsored" after counting the candidates' names, and the sponsored students must answer "sponsored". Once "cheating" happens, he will be a sponsor.
After obtaining the provincial examination, it is more beneficial to get a juren, and it is more difficult to prevent "cheating", so it can only be treated with heavy punishment. According to Shen Defu's Wanli Wild Collection in the late Ming Dynasty, the punishment for derailment in the Ming Dynasty was very severe. In the thirteenth year of Wanli, after the provincial examination in Shuntian, the theory of impersonation rose. In this case, Shi Feng and other eight Zhejiang Jinshi impersonated in the Shuntian exam and were ordered to be investigated. Shi Feng and others were shown to the public, and were sent to the people together with six others before Shuntianfu, and were imprisoned for life, that is, deprived of the qualification for the examination for life. Among these eight people, Shi Jichun is famous. His father was an editor of Hanlin and was also dismissed. A bunch of officials were punished to varying degrees.
The so-called impersonation is a false native place, which is one of the cheating methods in the imperial examination. The most common types are: people with unknown life experience, people in remote areas, businessmen and children of officials. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, cheating in imperial examinations was common, and the punishment of the imperial court was quite severe. The most typical case occurred in Shuntianfu in the 13th year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty, which shocked the whole country and caused the most severe punishment. However, the experience of Zhang Jian, the champion of the late Qing Dynasty, was more dramatic. After the Song Dynasty, the cultural center of gravity also moved to the south, especially in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the government implemented the quota partition admission in the rural examination; Moreover, the admission rate of provinces in remote areas is much higher than that of provinces in culturally developed areas; In order to have a greater chance of Chinese style, scholars avoid the important and take exams by means of fake household registration, which is the direct cause of fake household registration. The evolution of household registration system in Ming and Qing dynasties objectively aggravated the occurrence of fraud. The Ming and Qing governments introduced many measures to prevent fraudulent registration, the most important of which are: restricting candidates' household registration, stipulating strict registration examination procedures before the exam, setting up special examiners in the Qing dynasty, and stipulating severe punishment measures for fraudulent registration and officials involved after the exam. The customs defense system is quite perfect. The occurrence of fraudulent registration not only has many adverse effects on cultural education and local social security in remote areas of China, but also directly affects the regional fairness of imperial examinations.
Although there are few places in remote provinces, there are few people taking the exam and the education is underdeveloped. For example, the areas in Jiangsu and Zhejiang where the style of writing is at its peak are obviously much larger than this province. Zhili, where the capital is located, has always been taken care of by the imperial court. The enrollment quota is the largest in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and the local Jinshi examination level is not as good as that in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. This is also the reason why Jiangnan Jinshi likes to take the Shuntian exam.
After the demise of the Ming dynasty and the revival of the Qing dynasty, this kind of impersonation trick still happens from time to time. From the Qing Dynasty to the Kangxi period, candidates began to "check the voice" to determine whether to be an impostor. So there was a scene in which Lord Qianlong denounced the "disrespectful thing" proposal.