"Tang Shili, Wen Wang Baili, Wang Qimian."
"The soup is seventy miles, and the king of letters is a hundred miles" is a classic line of Confucianism. King Shang Tang's territory in Fiona Fang was only 70 miles, but he was benevolent and eventually took over the Xia Dynasty. Zhou Wenwang only had the territory of Fiona Fang thyme, but he was very kind and finally took over the Shang Dynasty. Confucianism often used this trip to warn the monarch to be benevolent. The so-called "benevolent people are invincible." As long as the benevolent government is implemented, the world will return to the heart, and the strength will be worse, and the world will be yours.
But this sentence comes from the mouth of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, but it has another meaning. "Wang Qi Mian" means that your brother Hejian Wang is similar to Shang Wen. Work hard and the world will be yours in the end.
After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty said this, what was the reaction of Hejian Wang? The history books did not record Liu De's reaction at that time. I guess it was nothing more than "pale face, shivering, cold sweat and almost wetting my pants", but the history book records the later reaction, "Wang knew what he meant and went back to drink and listen to music, so he ended up like this." After translation, Liu De returned to the fief, drank and listened to songs all day, engaged in various entertainment activities, and finally died of grief.
(Off-topic: "The soup takes 70 Li, and the king of literature takes 100 Li" is used to warn the monarch whether it will be effective to implement benevolent policies, but this sentence is used to do bad things and the effect is particularly good. It is said that when Xunzi defected to Chun, someone warned Chun to beware of Xunzi with the phrase "soup is seventy Li, and the king of literature is a hundred Li". As a result, Chun Shen Jun drove Xunzi away. )
Who is Liu De, the king of Hejian? Why did Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty run him with words?
It is difficult to verify Liu De's birth year. Some scholars speculate through various materials that Liu De is the second son of Han Jing, born to Li Ji, and his birth year should be BC 176-BC 175. Therefore, another identity of Liu De is the half-brother of Liu Che, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty.
According to historical records, in the second year of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty (155 BC), Liu De was made king of Hejian. Liu De is a person who likes Confucianism and is very kind to others. Liu Xiang quoted Liu De's words in Shuo Yuan. Liu De said that he believed in Yao Dao. If a person is hungry, they will say, "I am hungry." If a person is cold, he says, I am cold. When a citizen is guilty, he will say, I am trapped here. Benevolence and righteousness stand, virtue is broad, so people advise but don't reward, and the people govern without punishment. "
Judging from this sentence, Liu De is a vassal who cares about the sufferings of people's livelihood and advocates governing the country with benevolence and righteousness. What he did was in sharp contrast with the lives of princes in other countries at that time.
During the reign of Liu De, Hejian was in the heyday of economy and culture. However, Liu De is most famous for his contribution to China traditional culture in history.
Liu De's contribution to China's traditional culture mainly includes three points:
"Historical Records Five Families" records that Liu De is "good at Confucianism, and Confucianism will believe him. Shandong Confucianism came from many places. " The simple translation of this sentence means that Liu De loves Confucianism and has a high moral character, so all the Confucian scholars in Shandong are gathered here.
In fact, at that time, Hejian Confucian academic center was formed because of certain historical conditions.
The first is opportunity. In the fourth year of Emperor Hui of the Han Dynasty (BC 19 1), the government explicitly abolished the "book-carrying order" handed down from the Qin Dynasty, and signs of academic freedom began to appear. At that time, several governors, such as Liu An, King of Huainan, raised many Taoist scholars and wrote Huainan Zi.
Secondly, Hejian country is close to the center of Confucianism. Hejian country is located at the intersection of Qilu, Yanzhou and Zhao, where Confucianism flourished during the Warring States period. Moreover, this position is far from the main battlefield during the Qin and Han wars, and the damage is relatively small.
Finally, Confucian scholars have been suppressed for a long time and are eager to be born. In the early Western Han Dynasty, especially during the reign of Emperor Jing, the government mainly practiced the technique of Huang Lao, and most government officials studied the theory of Huang Lao. Confucian scholars are born with a heart, not for it.
Under this historical condition, Liu De, the king of Hejian, held high the banner of reviving Confucianism, and it was natural that the respondents gathered.
Moreover, Liu De received these Confucian scholars very well. He not only built a hotel called "Rihua Palace" to provide free accommodation for these scholars, but also opened his own library for these scholars to study (we will explain it in detail below). Free reading is especially respected. Do you think these scholars can come? Therefore, there will be the "Shandong Confucianism Tour" mentioned above.
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Confucian classics suffered a series of bad luck. First, the "book-burning" in the Qin Dynasty burned almost all the Confucian classics among the people. Later, Xiang Yu entered Xianyang and burned Epang Palace, and almost all the Confucian classics in the official collection were burned. These two "fires" caused the loss of many ancient books at that time, and most of them were scattered among the people.
Liu De became the Queen of Hejian, and his main job was to collect these Confucian classics scattered among the people (probably equivalent to the current Zhonghua Book Company, which specializes in sorting out rare books of ancient books). It is said that he was not afraid of hard work and traveled all over Yan Lu with Zhao Wei. As soon as he heard that there were good books among the people, he personally spent a lot of money to buy them. Moreover, the business is particularly fair, and he always orders his men to copy a copy to those who collect books and sell books. For those who didn't want to sell, Liu De didn't agree, but politely asked to sell, which was quite difficult for the rulers at that time.
According to historical records, after hearing Liu De's fame, many people traveled thousands of miles to Liu De with their ancestors' old books (of course, some people may have sold them at a good price). According to historical records, "all books presented to the king belong to the ancient and pre-Qin books in China, such as Zhou Guan, Shangshu, Li Ji, Mencius and Laozi". Hejian "has many books, comparable to Han books." A Hejian king has as many books as the imperial court.
After King Hejian got these classics, he didn't put them on the shelf and hide them, but "hid them for use".
First of all, he sorted out and studied the books he obtained, so as to make them "gather the remnants to fill the gaps and take the right ones" to facilitate the spread and development of books. According to historical records, the so-called "Zhou Li" was called "Zhou Guan" at that time, and was later supplemented by Wang Hejian.
Secondly, adhere to open circulation and hide it for use. In ancient times, most official books were mainly collected in Tibet and were not open to the public. Liu Deze, on the other hand, opened the door and studied with his scholars, thus achieving the goal of * * * resource sharing.
Not only did he treat Confucian scholars and collect ancient books, but he also specially set up a doctor of poetry and Zuo Chunqiu.
Many people may not know Shi Mao's poems, but everyone knows the Book of Songs. The study of The Book of Songs in Han Dynasty was relatively prosperous, and three official poetics of Lu, Qi and Han appeared. Later, Liu Delishan said that Mao Gong, who was good at poetry, was a doctor and formed a series of Mao poems. At that time, Lu, Qi and Han seemed to be more popular, but with the development of history, these three kinds of poetics gradually declined, while some poems were carried forward and eventually became the Book of Songs which is now popular in the world. This fully shows that Liu De has a unique vision of China traditional culture.
Zuo Zhuan was called Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals in the Han Dynasty, and Dr. Liu Deli's Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals enabled this classic to continue to be taught as the official school of the kingdom and spread to future generations. Now Zuo Zhuan has become the main literary classic of China traditional culture.
Therefore, Liu De's contribution to the spread of The Book of Songs and Zuo Zhuan is indelible. Dai Zhen, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, appreciated this very much and thought that Liu De was far-sighted and insightful. "The Six Arts first appeared between Emperor Jingdi and Emperor Wudi, and the heroes were undecided. Wang Naili presented his doctorate with books such as Shi Mao Poems and Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals to know."
As mentioned above, Liu De, the king of Hejian, has made great contributions to the inheritance of traditional culture in China. Then why did Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty run on him with words and finally let him die of grief?
There are two main reasons.
Hejian Wang advocated Confucianism, and Han Wudi also advocated Confucianism, but the Confucianism they advocated was very different in essence.
Confucianism advocated by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, after being revised by Dong Zhongshu, was called "Confucianism" by later generations, which was very different from traditional Confucianism. The academic feature of Dong Zhongshu's Confucianism is "learning the law to be an official and taking Confucianism as an ornament", which is a new Confucian ideological system formed by absorbing the thoughts of many schools such as Yin and Yang School and Legalist School. In short, it is "learning Confucianism from abroad and learning Confucianism from inside". This Confucian system is to endorse the autocratic system that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty wanted. Therefore, Zhang Tang, Zhao Yu and others can hold important positions in the government.
Liu De's Confucianism is built around the rites of Zhou, with traditional Confucian benevolence and righteousness as its core, and its ideological core is incompatible with the central government.
Ideological unity does not allow two academic centers, and Hejian Confucianism is bound to be impacted. In terms of specific attack techniques, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty chose to "catch the thief first, then catch the king". This skill is very effective. After Liu De's death, Hejian Confucian academic group disappeared.
As we said above, Liu De likes Confucianism and has a high moral character, so many Confucian scholars are attached to him, thus forming a high reputation. Although he didn't have the ambition to confront the central government (Hejian Wang stood firmly on the central side in the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion), what he did was entirely due to his interest in academics, but gathering some energetic and thoughtful people around him was enough to make the emperor feel uneasy. In fact, in the history of China, no emperor was willing to make progress as a vassal. On the contrary, the more he indulges in debauchery, the less popular he is, and the more assured he is of you. This is also a major feature of the authoritarian system. Therefore, the fact that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty became increasingly famous because of Liu De cannot be ignored.
Liu De died, but the admiration for him by later generations is endless in history books. For example, Sima Guang spoke highly of Liu De. In Wen Guowen Hejian Sima Zheng and Wang Zan's Official Documents, Sima Guang thought that Liu De was "unfortunate at home" because he didn't become emperor. Zhu also appreciates Liu De very much. In Zhuzi Yu, he said that if Wang Hejian became emperor, Dong Zhongshu became prime minister and Ji An became prime minister, the rites and music of the Han Dynasty would surely flourish (Zhu may not have noticed that the Confucianism advocated by Hejian is essentially different from that reformed by Dong Zhongshu). These praises may be exaggerated, but they do reflect Liu De's historical position in chinese heritage.
After Liu De's death, posthumous title was "a king" and "wise and wise". It is said that the origin of the name xian county in Hebei Province is to commemorate Liu De.