Zhang Dai (1597 (twenty-five years of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty)-1679 (eighteen years of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty) was a writer in the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty, whose real name was Zongzi, also a famous teacher, whose real name was Tao An, whose real name was Diean layman (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang). Zhang Dai is regarded as the greatest writer in the Ming Dynasty. He wrote unparalleled literary masterpieces such as Tao An Meng, West Lake Dream, Three Immortals, and Night Sailing Boat. He was born in an official family, lived a life of food and clothing in his early years, and lived a poor life in his later years, still insisting on writing. I have been bold and unrestrained all my life, indifferent to fame and fortune. Zhang Dai has a wide range of hobbies and is quite aesthetic. Like to travel, familiar with the methods of garden layout; Know both music and piano music; Good tea, tea ceremony kung fu is quite profound; Like to collect, high appreciation level; He is also proficient in China's traditional drama, and both directors and critics demand perfection. The elder said: "The older my generation is, the more people will call Zhang Wei. The police won, Mr. Wang won, and courage won. "
Zhang Dai's celebrity demeanor
Zhang Dai (1597- 1684, it is said that he died in 1689) was born in (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang), and his ancestral home is Mianzhu, Sichuan, calling himself "Shuren" and "Shigong". Zhang Dai was born in an official family. Gaozu Tianfu, the official deputy to the governor of Yunnan, Gansu Taifuqing. Great-grandfather Bian, the top scholar in five years (157 1), entered imperial academy, and Zhan Zhifu left Yude. Grandfather Zhang Rulin, a scholar in the 23rd year of Wanli (1595), went to Guangxi to attend the Senate. Father Zhang, born in the vice list, is Lu Fan's long history. Zhang Dai's background is also a scholarly family background. My ancestors were all scholars, proficient in history, Confucian classics, neo-Confucianism, literature, primary school and geography. Fu Tian and Bianyuan's father and son have edited Shaoxing Fu Zhi, Huiji Zhi and Yinshan Zhi. "When these three records are gathered together, they are called Tan Qian and his son." (Family Biography) (If Zhang Dai's poems and annotations in The Collection of Poems published by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 199 1 are quoted and corrected by Xia Xianchun, only the title of the article is noted. Grandfather Lin Ru said, "Teenagers are good at ancient studies and read widely." (ditto) Never let go. Thirty years later, he wrote Yunshan, but later he gave up writing because it was similar to Yongle Dadian (Mengshan, Tao An). Zhang III's collection of books, Dai "collected books for forty years, with no less than 30,000 volumes." (Three Episodes of the Legacy of Tao Anmeng) Zhang Dai was born in a literary family. Generations of grandparents and grandchildren are good at writing and writing works. Tianfu is rich in manuscripts of the Ming Dynasty, while the original manuscripts of Bu 'erzhai are available. Lin Ruyou has Collected Works of Interpretation of the Yuan Dynasty, and Fang Yao's "Singing Good Songs and Poems" (Family Biography) has been paying attention to this way since Zhang. Fang Yao's "teaching little tricks and advocating drama" (Family Biography) reached Zhang Dai's generation. "The master appreciates preparing lessons, delays the teacher's class, and there are thousands of children. When that boy comes to his house, he is called' crossing the sword gate'. How dare he rush? " He studied piano with a teacher and learned more than 30 songs. He called it "practice is still alive, and it has come out with astringency." (Same as Shaoxing Qinpai) and "Jiesi Society, meeting on January 3rd." (Tongsi Society) Zhang Dai, the Chinese side, "can draw and speak", is "on an equal footing" with Shen Zhou, Dong Qichang and Li. Good antiques, rich collection, exquisite appreciation, "heritage? , hey, famous paintings, French brocade, thousands. " (Attached Biography) Zhang Dai, who is deeply impressed, is indeed an expert on the inscriptions of various cultural relics and antiques and the identification of many porcelain kiln bronzes.
Zhang Dai lived in the Dingge era of Ming and Qing Dynasties. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, eunuchs were good at power, traitors were in power, spies were rampant, party struggles were fierce, and domestic and foreign troubles intensified. Kind and loyal, or exiled, or punished. At the same time, an anti-Neo-Confucianism and anti-Confucianism trend appeared in the ideological circle. Wang Xue's leftists, represented by Wang Gen and Li Zhi, openly flaunted greed as human nature, opposed the affectation of Neo-Confucianism, and advocated innocence and frankness. This is undoubtedly a rebellion against traditional ethics, and a challenge to Zhu Cheng's neo-Confucianism, which "upholds justice and extinguishes human desires". Under the impetus of this trend of thought, while despairing of social darkness, scholars have pursued individual liberation: indulging in debauchery, indulging in landscapes, and pursuing maximum material and spiritual satisfaction. On the one hand, it flaunts elegance, leisure and refinement. In romantic scenery, landscape gardens, pavilions, flowers, birds, fish, insects, Four Treasures of the Study, calligraphy and painting, tea ceremony, antiques, acrobatics and games, we deliberately create pleasing and carefree artistic interests, and gain the interest of life and artistic poetry while enjoying and lingering. On the other hand, under the banner of rebelling against ethics and ethics, he indulged in debauchery and extravagance, burning incense and succeeding to the throne, not ashamed, but proud. "Human feelings are fast with debauchery, and the world style is high with luxury." (Zhang Han's Dream at the Song Window, Volume 7) If the former mainly shows their avoidance of the world, then the latter mainly expresses their arrogance and cynicism. Among the friends of Zhang's ancestors, there are many such literati and celebrities. Such as Xu Wei, Huang Ruheng, Chen Jiru, Tao Wangling, Wang Siren, Chen and Qi Biaojia. It is this family background, this social trend of thought and humanistic atmosphere that has created Zhang Dai's dandy habits and celebrity demeanor, which determines his dreams of Tao An, West Lake and Wang Lang? The main content of the anthology.
Zhang Dai claims to be a playboy and loves wealth. Good family, beautiful maid, good prostitute, good clothes, good food, good horse, good lamp, good fireworks, good pear garden, good propaganda, good antiques, good flowers and birds, abuse oranges with tea, abuse poets with books. (Epitaph for Yourself) can be described as both a luxury and enjoyment habit of a dude and a decadent style of celebrities and literati in the late Ming Dynasty. Zhang has many contacts and a subset of history. He should know everything. Astronomy and geography, I'm not involved. Although I am not famous, I am very interested in writing. I have been writing all my life, and I am old and enduring. In addition to the fifteen kinds listed in the epitaph for yourself, there are Wang Lang? Poetry anthology, poetry anthology, stone chamber anthology, strange tales, gourmet anthology, Tao An Elbow Queen, Tea History, Taoyuan Calendar, Li Shuyan, Lulang Qiqiao, Zhu Ming Dui, Night Flight, among which the content of Night Flight is almost the same as that of an encyclopedia, covering 20 categories and more than 4,000 entries. Zhang Dai's extensive knowledge, rich writings and hard work can be seen here. And he, like Wan, is an ordinary plaything, and the turf of the world-playing celebrities is also divided here.
Zhang Dai was furious at his high talent and high life, and put his cynicism in the landscape: Shaoxing was as big as a silkworm basket when it was ruled by officials. All the mountains are aboveboard and magnificent. They still surpass the Eight Mountains, but they are still Huang Zhuo. Outside the county, there are thousands of valleys and rocks, inaccessible, famous mountains and scenic spots, abandoned roadsides, and buried by villagers. (Huang Zhuoshan) I think of the treasures in the world, and those buried by mediocrity can't be remembered. I especially hate that this mountain was born in a city and located in a crowded place, only separated by a wall, so that the world can't know its face, but it will make a typo on a few hard stones. He Shan's misfortune, as for this. ("Emei Mountain")
In these two paragraphs, one said that many famous places of interest were buried, and the other said that they were easily buried. In repeated comments and sighs, he vented his unexpected regrets and disdain for the secular, which won the essence of Liu Zongyuan's Eight Chapters of Yongzhou. But Zongzi is different from Zongyuan after all: "Mountain fruit has spirit, how can it be trapped for a long time?" I am an alpine planner. If I want to get rid of the fence, I must fly "(Emei Mountain) He is more confident and humorous than Zongyuan.