8? 3 the purpose of TCM health preservation
8? 3 Common problems in the storage of traditional Chinese medicine
8? 3. Basic methods of TCM health preservation
8? 3 abnormal Chinese medicine treatment methods
8? 3. Maintenance of toxic traditional Chinese medicine
8? 3. Maintain excellent and expensive medicinal materials.
First, the purpose of TCM health care
Traditional Chinese medicine preservation is a subject that uses modern science and technology to store and preserve traditional Chinese medicine, prevent its deterioration and ensure its safety and effectiveness.
A, ensure the quality of decoction pieces and improve the curative effect of decoction pieces.
B, rational use, reduce waste
C, improve the visibility of pharmacies
Second, the common problems in the storage of traditional Chinese medicine
During the transportation and storage of traditional Chinese medicine, due to improper management, under the interaction of external conditions and their own properties, physical or chemical changes will gradually occur, resulting in moth-eaten, mildewed, discolored, oily, tasteless, weathered, deliquescent, sublimated, melted, bitten by rats, flammable and other phenomena.
A, moth-eaten: refers to the internal erosion of medicinal materials by pests, thus reducing the curative effect or losing medicinal value. It is the most serious injury to Chinese medicine and the most common abnormal situation. Among more than 600 kinds of traditional Chinese medicines in common use, infected varieties account for about 40%. There are as many as fifty or sixty species of pests found in China. Common pests are: millet weevil, rice weevil and so on.
Second, the common problems in the storage of traditional Chinese medicine
★ Causes of moth-eaten:
I Chinese medicine is polluted when it is collected and processed, and eggs cannot be completely killed when it is dried. Once the environmental conditions are suitable, the eggs will hatch into adults.
2. Storage places; Eggs are attached to the container itself; Pests invade the storage container from the outside; Poor packing or damage during transportation.
ⅲ. Worm eating is related to temperature, humidity and water content of medicinal materials (temperature 16-35℃, humidity 60%, water content of medicinal materials 1 1%, which is a suitable temperature zone for pests; The lethal high temperature zone is between 50℃ and 60℃, and pests can lose their life activities in a short time; The lethal low temperature zone is the temperature below -4℃. In this temperature range, pests are dehydrated to death due to freezing of body fluids and freezing damage of cell protoplasm. )
Ⅳ Worm-eating is related to the integrity of medicinal materials, and the intact medicinal materials are less susceptible to worm-eating than the processed medicinal materials.
★ The harm of pests to medicinal materials is usually manifested in the following aspects:
(1) Worm-eaten herbs will nibble into cavities. In severe cases, cavities will reduce the weight of herbs, lose some components, and reduce or lose the therapeutic effect.
(2) Contaminated Chinese herbal medicines such as insect droppings, secretions, insect carcasses, insect skins, and insect chips are harmful to human health after taking them.
Second, the common problems in the storage of traditional Chinese medicine
(3) Pests are carriers and nutrients for the growth and reproduction of germs and molds, and cause sexual harm. Insect eating medicinal materials is not conducive to disease treatment and will bring harm.
(4) After Chinese herbal medicines are eaten by insects, some varieties are easy to lose oil (such as Angelica sinensis and Codonopsis pilosula), causing further qualitative change.
5] After Chinese herbal medicines are eaten by insects, it will increase the loss and bring certain economic losses.
★ Traditional Chinese medicines (generally containing starch, protein, fatty oil, sugar, snakes or animals) that are easily eaten by insects are also the culture medium for molds.
1. Rhizome Chinese medicine: The most susceptible insects are Radix Angelicae Pubescentis, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, Radix Saposhnikoviae, Rhizoma Chuanxiong, Rhizoma Ligustici, Alismatis Rhizoma, Nodus Nelumbinis, Radix Aconiti, Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii, Radix Peucedani, Radix Adenophorae, Rhizoma Curcumae, Rhizoma Dioscoreae, Radix Astragali, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Radix Codonopsis, Radix Isatidis, Radix Hemerocallis, Rhizoma Typhonii, Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae, Rhizoma Arisaematis, Rhizoma
Chinese medicines for rattan bark: Spatholobus suberectus, Caulis Piperis, Caulis Sinomenii, Cortex Mori, etc. Generally, there are Cortex Phellodendri, Cortex Toona sinensis, Herba Taxilli and Ramulus Cinnamomi.
Ⅲ. Flower traditional Chinese medicines: susceptible insects such as Farfara, Chrysanthemum, Honeysuckle, Camptotheca, Rhododendron mollissima, Flos Genkwa, Pollen Typhae, etc.
Ⅳ Chinese traditional medicines for fruits and seeds: Rosa laevigata, Ligusticum Chuanxiong, Ficus carica, Gleditsia sinensis, Amomum cardamom, Zagreb in August, malt, wheat and boat-fruited Sterculia; Fructus Lycii, Fructus Trichosanthis, Semen Euryales, Coicis Semen, Semen Nelumbinis, Fructus Citri Sarcodactylis, Flos Sophorae Immaturus, Orange, Pericarpium Citri Tangerinae, Fructus Crataegi, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus, Fructus Hordei Germinatus, Fructus Chaenomelis and white lentils.
ⅴ Animal medicinal materials include Zaocys, Eupolyphaga Seu Steleophaga, Gecko, Pangolin, Lumbricus, Mylabris, Agkistrodon, Venenum Bufonis, etc. , hedgehog skin, deer tendon, Endothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli, hippocampus.
ⅵ Algae traditional Chinese medicine: Insect-prone herbs include Cordyceps sinensis, Poria, Ganoderma lucidum, Tremella and so on.
B, mildew: that is, mold breeds on medicinal materials, which can reduce the medicinal value.
★ Causes of mildew:
The air contains a lot of mold spores, which are scattered on the surface of medicinal materials. When the mold meets the appropriate temperature (20-35℃), most molds are molded at 50℃-65℃ and humidity (above 60%). When the carbon dioxide in the air reaches 80%-90%, mold can be killed.
Ⅱ. When the water content of medicinal materials exceeds 15%, hyphae germinate and secrete.
Enzymes will erode the inside of medicinal materials.
Ⅳ When the medicinal materials are boiled and heated, the internal moisture will evaporate to the surface, which is called sweating, which can make the mold grow and gradually penetrate from the surface to the inside, and make the medicinal materials rot.
★ Moldy medicinal materials are: (sugar, mucus, starch, protein, oil).
1. Rhizomes: Achyranthes bidentata, Radix Asparagi, Polygonatum odoratum, Rhizoma Polygonati, Radix Ophiopogonis, Stemonae, Atractylodis Rhizoma, Bulbus Allii Macrostemonae, Glycyrrhrizae Radix, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata and Radix Asteris; Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Atractylodes lancea, Radix Aucklandiae, Radix Phytolaccae, Radix Puerariae, Rhizoma Kaempferiae, Caulis Polygoni Multiflori, Scutellariae Radix, Radix Polygalae, Rhizoma Imperatae and Bletilla striata are more susceptible to mildew.
ⅱ. Fruit seed medicinal materials: Platycladus orientalis, walnut kernel, longan pulp, gentleman, orange, dark plum, almond, peach kernel and Schisandra chinensis are the most prone to oily mildew; Generally, hemp seed, sesame, croton, spurge, nux vomica, immortal, torreya seed, ginkgo, Ligustrum lucidum, clove, mulberry, orange pit, gardenia and green tangerine peel are oily and moldy.
Ⅲ Flower medicinal materials: Flos Lonicerae, Flos Chrysanthemi, Flos Farfarae, Flos Sophorae (discolored), Flos Daturae, magnolia officinalis flower, etc.
Ⅳ Whole herb and whole leaf herbs: Portulaca oleracea, Cirsium japonicum, Centipede Indigofera, Folium Isatidis, Herba Menthae, Eupatorium odoratum, Folium Eriobotryae, Folium Ginseng, Herba Plantaginis, Herba Polygoni Avicularis, Herba Taraxaci and Folium Mori (insects) are more susceptible to mildew.
Ⅴ Celastrus angulatus: Cortex Dictamni Radicis, Herba Taxilli, Toona sinensis, Melia azedarach, Caulis Spatholobi, Polygonum Multiflori Radix (insect), Cortex Mori, Cortex Hibisci, etc. It's easy to shape.
ⅵ Animal medicinal materials: Aspongopus, hedgehog skin, dog kidney and gecko are easy to get moldy.
ⅵ Animal medicinal materials: aspongopus, hedgehog skin, dog kidney, gecko (easy to get oil), Eupolyphaga Seu Steleophaga, Agkistrodon, Zaocys dhumnades, earthworm, deer penis, deer tendon, gecko, placenta Hominis and dried toad skin are easy to mildew.
C, discoloration: the main color of medicinal materials has changed, which often indicates the deterioration of medicinal materials.
★ Color change reason:
Temperature and humidity are the main factors; If the temperature rises above 30℃ and the humidity is above 70%, the discoloration speed of medicinal materials will be accelerated.
The faster the oxidation, the faster the discoloration, so the medicinal materials stored in the air change color quickly.
ⅲ sunlight is often combined with humidity, oxidation and other factors to produce medicinal materials.
Discoloration occurs, especially the discoloration caused by polarized light in light is faster.
Ⅳ others. Insecticide often discolors medicinal materials. For example, after sulfur fumigation, the generated sulfur dioxide turns into sulfurous acid when it meets water, which has a reducing effect and can make the medicinal materials fade.
★ Traditional Chinese medicines that are easy to change color: (Generally, traditional Chinese medicines containing flavonoids, glycosides, anthraquinones, tannins and other ingredients are easy to change color)
Rose, Chinese rose, plum blossom, wintersweet, chrysanthemum, hawksbill flower, safflower, honeysuckle, coltsfoot flower, lotus root, Sophora japonica, lotus plumule, orange complex, medulla tetrapanacis, ephedra, bergamot, wolfberry fruit and jujube.
D, water immersion: it is the appearance of dry medicinal materials with oily substances.
★ Causes of flooding:
I is related to temperature. When the temperature is high, the oil contained in the medicinal materials will easily overflow.
Ⅱ is related to the storage period. After long-term storage, some ingredients will naturally deteriorate and lose oil.
ⅲ discoloration and deterioration due to long-term exposure to air, and it is also easy to take oil.
Ⅳ is related to some components contained in medicinal materials, which contain a lot of fatty oil and volatile oil.
★ Medicinal materials that are easily flooded: (Generally, Chinese medicines containing oil, sugar and volatile oil are easily flooded)
Radix Asparagi, Radix Ophiopogonis, Radix Codonopsis, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae, Radix Isatidis, Semen Platycladi, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Nutmeg, Fructus Lycii, Semen Pruni, Semen Armeniacae Amarum, Semen Persicae, Dog Kidney, Aspongopus, Hedgehog Skin, Gecko, Mylabris, Scolopendra, Water Lily, Agkistrodon, and Otter Liver.
E. Odor loss: It refers to the phenomenon that some traditional Chinese medicines contain volatile components (such as volatile oil), and the odor of traditional Chinese medicines is changed due to the volatile loss caused by improper storage and preservation.
★ Reasons for odor loss:
I If the temperature is too high, the higher the temperature, the faster it will evaporate, which will make the smell in the medicinal materials disappear (the temperature is not more than 30℃ and the humidity is 70%-75%).
Ⅱ. When stored, it is not tightly sealed and naturally volatilizes when exposed to air.
The longer the storage time, the more odor loss.
★ The medicinal materials with odor loss are: Angelica sinensis, Radix Aucklandiae, Rhizoma Ligustici, Radix Angelicae Pubescentis, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, Radix Saposhnikoviae, Rhizoma Chuanxiong, Notopterygii Rhizoma, Rhizoma Atractylodis, Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum, Cortex Magnolia Officinalis, Cortex Cinnamomi, Folium Artemisiae Argyi, Folium Perillae, Flos Caryophylli, Flos Lonicerae, Chinese rose, Fructus Foeniculi, Fructus Zanthoxyli, Fructus Citri, Fructus Amomi and Fructus Amomi.
Borneolum and Ferula
F. Weathering: Inorganic salt Chinese medicine containing crystal water loses part or all of crystal water in dry air, and forms powder variation on the surface of Chinese medicine.
★ Weathering reason:
Ⅰ. The package of medicinal materials is damaged, and it is in direct contact with air.
Ⅱ is affected by temperature and humidity.
★ Weathered herbs are:
Sodium sulfate, sulfuric acid, borax, kyanite,
G, deliquescence: Under the influence of certain temperature and humidity, the soluble sugar and inorganic salt components contained in traditional Chinese medicine are gradually dissolved by water in the air.
★ Causes of deliquescence: The main reason is that there is much water vapor and high humidity in the air.
★ Easily deliquescent medicinal materials: mirabilite, isatis salt, Qiu Shi, copperas, borax, seawater bath, kelp, salted white ginseng, salted scorpion and alum asparagus.
H, Ascension: The change phenomenon that Chinese traditional medicine, mainly volatile oil, directly changes from solid to gas at room temperature.
★ Cause of rise: the package is loose, exposed to air, and the temperature rises.
★ Medicinal materials that are easy to rise are borneol, menthol and camphor.
First, melting: solids containing sugar gum, resin, wax, etc. Because of its low softening point and melting point, it is easy to soften and even become a viscous molten state under heating conditions.
★ Melting reason:
Class I medicinal materials have poor heat resistance.
Class Ⅱ medicinal materials have strong hygroscopicity.
The quality and purity of Class III medicinal materials are low.
★ Soluble medicinal materials are:
Beeswax, Colla Corii Asini, Colla cornus Cervi, Colla Plastri Testudinis, Olibanum, Myrrha and Ferula.
J: Rat bite: The medicinal materials that rats like to eat are starch, protein, fat, sugar and so on.
Harm of rodents to traditional Chinese medicine storage;
First, stealing medicinal materials: mice can eat a lot of medicinal materials and have the habit of storing them.
Two. Contaminated medicinal materials: it will excrete feces after stealing, which will pollute the medicinal materials and is not suitable for human use.
Ⅲ transmitted pathogen
Four, packaging and building damage
K. Flammability: When heat and light reach their respective ignition points, the medicinal materials will burn, which will not only cause losses to the medicinal materials themselves, but even cause disasters, so special maintenance must be carried out.
★ Flammable cause: affected by temperature, humidity and fire source.
★ Flammable medicinal materials include: sulfur, dry paint, rosin, mirabilite, Lygodium japonicum,
Third, the basic methods of TCM maintenance
Maintenance of pests:
1. Health and epidemic prevention: clean up the Chinese medicine area frequently, remove pollutants, disinfect and decontaminate, and leave pests with no hiding place.
2. Sealed prevention and control: sealed or sealed storage is adopted to isolate Chinese herbal medicines from outside air, temperature, humidity, light, bacteria and pests.
High-temperature prevention: Chinese medicine is placed in a high-temperature environment to prevent or kill pests. Methods: exposure, baking, steaming, etc.
4. Cryopreservation: It is an ideal method to prevent and control medicinal materials, which not only
It can prevent moth and mildew without affecting the quality of drugs. It is mostly used in precious and fragile traditional Chinese medicine, and has the advantages of no discoloration, no oil, no odor, no drying and no cracking.
Five opposite sex prevention and control: Litsea cubeba and Zanthoxylum bungeanum are wrapped in paper and placed around animal medicinal materials, which has good insect control effect; Camphor is also wrapped in paper (about 10g) and added with velvet antler, Agkistrodon, centipede, etc. Gecko coexists with camphor; Gecko and cinnamon coexist; Garlic can also prevent insects and animals; Shangshi Zhitong ointment and centipede coexist to prevent insects; Spraying 95% alcohol on medicinal materials can effectively prevent insects; People participate in the coexistence of asarum; Borneolum and Juncus Juncus coexist, borax and mung bean coexist.
Using green pesticides: It is the most ideal plant pesticide for pest control at present. Common green pesticides
The usage method is as follows:
(1) Mixing method: ground pyrethrum, LYSIMACHIA foenum graecum, rue, pepper, etc. , put into medicinal materials, sealed storage, can be a good pest control.
⑵ Spraying method: Sweet and clean, pepper, garlic, dried tangerine peel, dried ginger, dried chilli, etc. are crushed. Soak in clear water for two days, filter the residue and spray it with a sprayer, not directly on the medicinal materials.
A, drying dehumidification method
A, exposure method: also known as sun drying method, uses the heat energy of the sun to dry the water of medicinal materials, and at the same time uses ultraviolet rays to kill molds and eggs. Packaging Fructus Lycii and Radix Ophiopogonis while hot; The heat dissipation packaging box comprises Atractylodis Rhizoma, Radix Codonopsis, Notopterygii Rhizoma, Cortex Moutan and Achyranthis Radix.
B. Spreading drying method: also known as shade drying method, suitable for fragrant leaves, flowers, skins, etc. The medicinal materials include Pericarpium Citri Tangerinae, Semen Ziziphi Spinosae, Semen Platycladi, Semen Persicae, Semen Armeniacae Amarum and Fructus Cannabis.
C heating and drying method: used when the water content is too high in rainy season. The medicinal materials include Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, Rhizoma Dioscoreae, Rhizoma Chuanxiong, Rhizoma Corydalis, Radix Asparagi, Trichosanthis Radix, Atractylodis Rhizoma, Radix Paeoniae Alba, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, Radix Morindae Officinalis, Cordyceps, Radix Saposhnikoviae, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae, Notopterygii Rhizoma, Radix Adenophorae, Radix Angelicae Pubescentis, Rhizoma Acori Graminei, Rhizoma Atractylodis, Herba Cynomorii, Alismatis Rhizoma, and Saviae Miltiorrhizae Radix.
D. Lime drying method: used for medicinal materials with fine texture, easy to lose oil and overflow sugar, moldy and moth-eaten, and unsuitable for exposure or drying after moisture regain. Mainly ginseng, medlar, velvet antler, white sugar ginseng, Achyranthes bidentata and so on.
E. Charcoal drying method: firstly, dry the charcoal, then wrap it in kraft paper and put it in the medicinal materials that are easy to get wet and moldy. Advantages: no odor, no odor; Slow moisture absorption, does not make the medicinal materials brittle; The price is low and can be reused.
F. Stacking ventilation method: the method of turning the medicinal materials at the bottom of the stack to the stack surface, or stacking ventilation, so that hot air and water can be distributed and folded.
G. Lime burying method: wrap the medicinal materials with kraft paper and indicate it.
Put it in a wooden box and bury it with lime. Such as leech, centipede and hedgehog skin.
H. Sand burying method: sand is used to isolate external moisture, which is suitable for a few complete medicinal materials, such as Radix Codonopsis, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae, Radix Isatidis, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, and Rhizoma Dioscoreae.
1. Burying in chaff: Using the moisture-proof characteristics of grains and wheat husks, medicinal materials are buried in chaff to prevent the invasion of external moisture. Such as colla corii asini, colla cornus Cervi and colla Plastri Testudinis, are wrapped with oil paper to prevent softening or fragmentation; There are also codonopsis pilosula, angelica dahurica and so on.
J, basement storage method: the basement is warm in winter and cool in summer.
A method for preserving traditional Chinese medicine without direct sunlight.
1. Medicinal materials containing volatile oil: Herba Menthae, Asari, Herba Schizonepetae, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Rhizoma Chuanxiong and Radix Aucklandiae.
Two. Aromatic and oily medicinal materials: rose, Chinese rose, arborvitae seed, Ziziphus jujuba seed, almond, hemp seed, endothelium corneum Gigeriae Galli and Eupolyphaga Seu Steleophaga.
Three. Salted medicinal materials: Semen Plantaginis, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae, Radix Morindae Officinalis, Fructus Alpinae Oxyphyllae,
Four. Medicinal materials vulnerable to insects and mildew: Lycium barbarum, jujube, longan pulp, Coix seed, Trichosanthes kirilowii, almond, peach kernel and Prunus mume kernel.
Ⅴ. Honey herbs: licorice, astragalus, coltsfoot flower, aster, Stemona root and loquat leaf.
Second, the traditional mold and insect maintenance methods
A. Clean and hygienic prevention and control law: it is the basis of all prevention and control work and conforms to the principles of economy, safety, effectiveness and no pollution.
B, sealed curing method: Chinese medicine is sealed by sealed warehouses, cylinders, bottles, plastic bags or other packaging equipment to isolate it from the outside air and reduce the invasion of water.
C, cold storage method: using low temperature (0℃- 10℃) to store medicinal materials, but it needs certain equipment and costs a lot, and is used for valuable medicinal materials, such as ginseng, chrysanthemum, yam, dried tangerine peel, oviductus ranae, tremella, etc.
D, hot steaming: putting the raw medicinal materials into a steamer, killing pests with steam, and then air-drying and packaging the medicinal materials. It requires extreme heat. The main medicinal materials are Radix Curcumae, Rhizoma Arisaematis, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, Radix Aconiti, Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii, Radix Polygoni Multiflori, Herba Cynomorii, Herba Cistanches and other animal medicinal materials.
E. Anti-storage and maintenance method: using the special odor, moisture absorption performance or unique chemical components of different medicinal materials to prevent insects and mildew of another medicinal material. Alisma orientalis, Rhizoma Dioscoreae and Cortex Moutan are stored together to prevent insects and protect color; Crocus sativus against Cordyceps sinensis; Honey is mixed with longan and cinnamon to keep the taste and color; Garlic prevention
Euryale ferox and coix seed are insects; Asari and Zanthoxylum bungeanum are used to control velvet antler insects; Angelica prevents musk from walking; Ginger prevents honey tide; Liquor is insect-proof; Scolopes and scorpions are cleverly stored.
A, modified atmosphere maintenance: it is a Chinese medicine maintenance technology popularized and used in the 1980s.
I. Nitrogen filling and oxygen reduction
Ii. charging carbon dioxide
Ⅲ. Natural oxygen reduction
B far infrared heating and drying: it is a maintenance technology developed in the 1970s.
C microwave drying and curing: a new technology developed in the 1960s. The range is 300-300-300—300000MHz, and 965, 438+05 MHz or 2450MHz are commonly used in China.
Fourth, the treatment of abnormal Chinese medicine
A, slight mildew treatment:
I, dry brush to the mold
Ⅱ. Impact demoulding
ⅲ, elutriation and mildew removal
Ⅳ. Spray washing with boiling water to remove mold.
5, spraying and washing with vinegar to remove mold.
ⅵ. Wash the mould with wine.
B, other abnormal situation should be found early, early treatment, focusing on prevention.
Five, the maintenance of toxic Chinese medicine
There are 27 kinds of toxic Chinese herbal medicines: Arsenic, Mercury, Semen Strychni, Radix Aconiti, Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii, Rhizoma Typhonii, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata, Rhizoma Pinelliae, Rhizoma Arisaematis, Fructus Crotonis, Mylabris, Red Lady, Green Lady, Radix Kansui, Stellera chamaejasme, Garcinia, Semen Euphorbiae, and Radix Gentianae.
1. The maintenance of ores and their processed products is mainly to prevent their qualitative change caused by photochemistry, oxidation, humidity and temperature.
B. Preservation of toxic traditional Chinese medicines for animals and plants: a small number of varieties can be sealed and preserved; With high moisture content, it can be exposed or dried in the sun before sealed storage, or water absorbent can be added.
Six, maintain your fine herbs
1. Precious medicinal materials mainly include ginseng, pilose antler, musk, bezoar, antelope horn, hippocampus, Ma Bao, Goubao, monkey dates, bear gall, bird's nest, notoginseng, oviductus ranae, saffron and pearls.
B, maintenance of fine and expensive Chinese medicine
I. Sealing
Ⅱ. Water absorption
Ⅲ. Refrigeration