Spring and autumn map
The ancient people's different views on "death" is a very heavy problem, but it is also an unavoidable problem for everyone! In ancient times, people were very taboo about death, so in ancient books, words such as "death", "death", "landslide", "great line" and "death" appeared instead of "death". Of course, these words were the official language of ancient nobles when they died, but ordinary people still called them "death" after their death. Therefore, there is such a saying in Yue Jue Shu: "The emperor said it would collapse, the vassal said it would die, the doctor said it would die, and the scholar said it would decline." After Shu Ren died, it was called "death".
Of course, the word "death" is not necessarily Shu Ren's exclusive vocabulary. For example, Confucius belongs to the literati class, so it is reasonable to use "pawn". But when he talked about "death" in the Analects of Confucius, he said, "Will I die on the road?" Replace the word "pawn" with the word "death". And "Yan Yuan is dead, my son is crying" and "Yan Yuan is dead" is useless. Zhuangzi used "the death of Lao Dan" to describe the death of Laozi, but it was useless to be modest. The word "death" was frequently used at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, which is probably the reason why a hundred schools of thought contend. Many people come from the folk, and the learned people in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period probably used the word "death" for the sake of being close to the people. However, the record of the emperor's death in later generations is still called "collapse", and the princes call it "qi" All officials basically use "pawn".
According to the Book of Rites, the funeral ceremony after "returning to the tomb" said: "Returning to the tomb will make people die." When people are dying, they are called "King ZH incarnation". "Genus" means placement, and "wool" means silk floss. Before dying, the ancients put new silk cotton on their noses and mouths to test whether there was breath.
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Of course, this way of judging death is only a custom in some places in the pre-Qin period, not everywhere. In short, when the ancients died, "genus" has become synonymous with dying people.
According to the Book of Rites, in the pre-Qin period, after the patient died, the family members of the deceased still cried. After the death of the deceased, the family members should put on official clothes for the deceased and summon their souls, which is called "recovery". If, after the evocation, the deceased did not wake up, he began to prepare for the funeral.
The funeral procedure is to put the body under the window and then bathe the body. After taking a shower, put on a coat for the dead. This is called a "small collection". It is said that after the death of the deceased in different ranks, the number of clothes placed is different, and the more officials, the more clothes they wear. According to the specifications of the pre-Qin period: "30 sets of scholars, 50 sets of doctors and 100 sets of gentlemen." On the second day in Lian Xiao, the family put the deceased in a coffin, which was called "Dalian" (funeral).
Pre-Qin governors
Before the "big fold" into the coffin, the mouth of the deceased also needs "rice". The pre-Qin period was also very particular about the content of rice. After death, people of different grades have different items in their mouths. According to "Emperor Xie Ren of Li Zhou", "The Emperor of Heaven contains real pearls, the princes use jade, the doctors use jade, the scholars use shellfish, and Shu Ren uses food!" Therefore, rice contains more than just the rice in your mouth. After the pre-Qin period, grave robbery was rampant, and many people used copper coins after the death of the deceased. Ordinary families still use rice in the mouth of the deceased, so it is called "containing rice".
The implication of "meal containing" means that the deceased can continue to enjoy the food before his death in another world after his death. So the higher the level, the more different the food in the mouth of the deceased. If we want to judge the identity of the deceased in pre-Qin archaeology, we can actually distinguish the grades of the items contained in the mouth.
The funeral feature in the pre-Qin period was called "mourning". When the deceased was buried, the coffin was transported to the burial place. According to the Book of Rites, the emperor was buried in July. The vassal was buried on the 5th and May. The doctor, the doctor and Shu Ren were buried in March and March. "It means that the King of Zhou stopped mourning for seven days, transported the coffin to the burial place seven days later, and waited until seven months later to be buried. After the death of the vassal, it will take five days to stop mourning, be transported to the burial place, and be buried again five months later. Doctor, doctor and doctor, Shu Ren, died for three days, was transported to the burial place and was buried three months later.
Jin Wengong
For example, "Thirty-two years of Zuo Zhuan Gong" records: "In winter, I died. Chen Geng will be buried in Quwo. " In 628 BC, Jin Wengong Ji Zhong Er died in winter (December), and the coffin was transported to Quwo (now Linfen City, Shanxi Province) for parking. The Book of Rites says, "The princes will be buried in May on the fifth day." Therefore, Jin Wengong will be buried in five months. According to Zuo Zhuan, Jin Wengong was buried in April of the following year (627 BC), which is also in line with the provisions of the Book of Rites.
In fact, "the son of heaven was buried on the seventh day and in July. The princes were buried on the fifth day and in May. " It was only in the Western Zhou Dynasty that it was so strict. By the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were no such strict funeral regulations. Of course, in order to show respect for the Zhou emperor, some governors still held this kind of funeral, but it was completely lost in the Warring States period.
How much attention was paid to tombs in the pre-Qin period? In the pre-Qin period, there was still a lot of attention to the burial of nobles. At the funeral, the white dress is attended (fú). "Fu" is the rope that pulls the hearse. The original meaning of "Fu" is that relatives and friends help pull the rickshaw. In addition, the coffin bearer sang an elegy from the beginning to show his condolences. As we all know, when nobles are buried, they are also buried with them.
Duke Mu of Qin
In the pre-Qin period, human sacrifices were used very frequently. For example, after Qin Mugong died, many people died for him. After Qin Mugong, many talents in the Central Plains were afraid to go to the State of Qin. It was not until Qin Xiangong abolished the martyrdom system and martyred with clay figurines that it collapsed in the State of Qin. Abolishing the system of martyrdom not only changed the way of martyrdom, but also changed the political structure of Qin State. After Qin abolished the martyrdom system, it accelerated the introduction of talents and the unification of the six countries. It must be said that Qin Xiangong did a great thing.
Speaking of human sacrifice in the pre-Qin period, we have to say the characteristics of tombs in the pre-Qin period. According to the Book of Rites Tan Gong Shang, "Ancient tombs are also tombs, not tombs." Wang Li said in "Common Sense of Ancient Culture": "According to the report of modern field archaeology, there were no tombs in the tombs of the Yin Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty. Later, the grave was built on the grave, mainly as a symbol of the grave, and secondly to increase the difficulty of grave robbery. "
archaeology
According to the Book of Rites: "Ancient burials are not sealed and trees are not built, but later generations seal tombs and plant them." Probably before the Spring and Autumn Period, there was no tomb, but later generations sealed the tomb and planted trees on it. Therefore, Chunqiu Wei said: "The tomb of the Emperor is three years old (eight feet in the Zhou Dynasty is one) and the tree is loose; Half of the princes, the tree is cypress; The doctor is eight feet, and the tree attracts the wind; Four feet, a tree with locusts; Shu Ren has no grave, and the tree is a willow. " Shuowen said: "The emperor is a pine tree, the vassal is a cypress tree, the doctor is an elm tree, and the scholar is a teenager." No matter which kind, in the pre-Qin period, trees were planted in the tombs, which was the only symbol of the tombs in the pre-Qin period.
Among them, this burial method increased the concealment of tombs in the pre-Qin period, and it was difficult for people to find their burial place after thousands of years. Now, if you want to find Zhou's tomb, you should probably find a place with pine trees. The tombs of the princes were also planted with cypress trees. Now, vast tracts of pine forests and cypress forests can be seen everywhere in the Central Plains. Therefore, for modern archaeologists, it is like looking for a needle in a haystack to find the tombs of Zhou and vassal States in the pre-Qin period.