Go to. "To study": "I want to go to the South China Sea."
(2) Demonstrative pronouns are equivalent to "this", "this" and "this". "Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru": "It is better to lose Qin Le than to pay equal attention to both strategies."
The third person pronoun is equivalent to "he", "it", "them" and "them". On accumulation: "Life is sometimes overused." "Zheng Boke Duan Yanyu": "Love Duan Shu, want to stand ~"
(4) refers to the speaker himself or the listener of the other party. The Snake Catcher said, "Will you be born with sorrow?"
⑤ The second personal pronoun is equivalent to "you" and "you". Hanshu? Biography of Kuai Tong: "The thief in Gong Minzhi is dying, so he hanged himself ~"
⑥ Used between the attributive and the head word, indicating the relationship between modification and possession, which is equivalent to "de". "Shaogong admonishes Li Wang for slander": "It is better to defend Sichuan than to defend the people."
⑦ It is used between subject and predicate, which cancels the independence of sentences and generally does not require translation. Shi Shuo: "Shi Shuo ~ has been passed on for a long time."
⑧ The sign of attributive postposition. "Persuasion": "Earthworms have no claws ~ benefits."
Pet-name ruby complement symbol. Used between the head word (verb, adjective) and the complement, it can be translated as "de". The Snake Catcher said, "It would be unfortunate if I didn't reply to my blessing."
Attending signs with prepositional objects. Shi Shuo: "Read a sentence ~ I don't know."
⑾ It has no practical significance to supplement syllables after adverbs indicating time. Battle of Red Cliffs: "Yeah ~, the smoke is burning."
⑿ Used between the words "before", "after", "inside" and "outside" and their modifiers, indicating the restriction on the position, time and scope of the other party. "Teaching War and Defending Strategy": "After several decades, A soldier will suffer."
2. What is classical Chinese? Classical Chinese is relative to vernacular Chinese.
The first "article" refers to a written article. "Speech" means writing, expressing and recording. "Classical Chinese", that is, written language, is relative to "spoken language", which is also called "vernacular". The last word "Wen" refers to works, articles, etc. , which means genre.
"Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language". And "vernacular" means: "articles written in plain spoken language".
writings in the vernacular
In ancient China, it was different to express the same thing in spoken and written language. For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, you can express it in spoken English as "Have you eaten?" And using books and language to express it is "rice?" . "Fanbu" is classical Chinese. In ancient China, all articles were written in written language. Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese"
Classical Chinese is a treasure of China culture, and the ancients left us a lot of classical Chinese. In China, the study of classical Chinese plays a very important role in the Chinese curriculum in middle schools.
Of course, the ancients in other countries also left a lot of classical Chinese.
What is classical Chinese? What does classical Chinese mean?
1. Classical Chinese is wonderful. There is no doubt about it. Classical Chinese is an important part of China traditional culture. This shows that the history of modern civilization in China is still very short, and it is necessary to deconstruct or interpret the traditional culture, because the inheritance of traditional wisdom is based on the correct interpretation of classical Chinese.
2. Classical Chinese is knowledge. Yes, because classical Chinese is no longer a language, it is just a word. But classical Chinese is knowledge, and so is Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Why not learn from Oracle Bone Inscriptions? By the way, it is precisely because Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a relatively primitive writing, so classical Chinese is the basis for further study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and other traditional advanced writing (learning).
3. Classical Chinese is also a skill. The expression, description, combination, transformation, metaphor, comparison and deduction of Chinese fully bear the style of Chinese civilization in ideological expression. Mastering the physical structure of classical Chinese has a profound understanding of modern Chinese, and there are "laws" to follow in the construction of new Chinese.
4. "Classical Chinese" is the antonym of "vernacular Chinese". The structure of this word is as follows: classical Chinese-Chinese. The first "text" is "writing" and "speech" is language. "Classical Chinese" refers to "written language". It explains two meanings: first, it points out that classical Chinese is a language; Secondly, the language was written later. "Written" language also has two meanings: one is a culture that can have language without words, for example, most ethnic minorities only have language without words; Secondly, the function of language quits life and becomes history in the form of words.
The literal meaning of "classical Chinese" should be: the written language style. The latter's "text" refers to style.
So does classical Chinese have a "future" besides archaeological research? In other words, what life application value will it have? I think there is. When the traditional life style fades out of modern society, people just ignore the social life in some marginal fields, which leads to the suspicion or neglect of classical Chinese in modern application. For example, in religious buildings, some inscriptions will still be written in classical Chinese, or in calligraphy and engraved with tools. The application of seal script is also mostly the same.
Let's take a look again. Classical poetry belongs to the category of "classical Chinese", and they have not left us in life. Only in the form of language, even people have left the oral language, and after it has become a text, there are obviously certain normative requirements for the elaboration of skills and the expansion of ideographic expression. Its "future" lies in its application and its ability to awaken vague etymologies and allusions. It can be said that the future is promising.
The word "classical Chinese" can also include the relationship between language and writing in cultural history. In a certain form, once a language, including dialects, is "literate" and written, its language charm will be reduced and its writing function will be doubled. Because language is usually passed down orally and closely related to life, language has not yet entered the cultural state. It is the retention of life experience, without the expansion of words.
In the process of reading classical Chinese, we will inevitably have an illusion: did the ancients say so? I think this can be "felt" through the differences in the expression of written and spoken languages in the present tense, and there is not much difference in the structural rules between them. It can also be speculated that the ancient people's speech is just more casual, albino and popular than classical Chinese, and "three words and two beats" can also be used as a reference. As for reading classical Chinese now, of course, it does not mean repeating the words of the ancients, but reciting or silently reading a style.
Reading classical Chinese is a very clear way of thinking, just like reading the works of western philosophers occasionally, it is very solemn.
3. What is the interpretation of "zhi" in classical Chinese translation? Usage of the word "Zhi": 1. The word "zhi" is used as a pronoun
For example, the word "Zhi" is added as follows:
1, stick to the policy, face the policy directly, and say, "There is no horse in the world." (Ma Shuo)
2. Who's the name? Monks on the mountain are wise and immortal. (Zuiweng Pavilion)
3, because its territory is too clear, you can't stay long, but remember it. (Biography of Pond)
4, smell the water, such as singing Pei Huan, the heart is happy. (Biography of Pond)
5. Take off the screen. Just one person, one table, one chair, one fan and one foot.
6. Look from the bottom and from the top. (Cao Gui Debate)
From the analysis of the above examples, we can see that when "zhi" is used after a verb, it is used as a pronoun as the object of the verb before it.
Second, "zhi" is used as a verb.
Example:
1. What about the South China Sea I want? ("Persuade to Learn")
See Meng Haoran again on the way to Yangzhou.
3. Farewell to Vice Governor Du to serve in Shu (Farewell to Vice Governor Du to serve in Shu)
4. Try to plow the field with the help of people, and lay fallow on the ridge. (The Chen She Family)
From the analysis of the above examples, we know that the verb "zhi" has rules to follow. The verb "zhi" is usually followed by a place noun, such as Nanhai, Guangling, Zhou Shu and Langshang. There are names or personal pronouns in front of them, such as "I", "Meng Haoran" and "Du Shaofu". Although there is no direct name in Example 4, it is obvious that Chen She is omitted as the successor. The whole sentence should be "someone goes somewhere"
Thirdly, "zhi" is used as an auxiliary word.
The usage of "zhi" as an auxiliary word is complicated, and there are roughly three kinds in junior high school:
1, "zhi" as the "de" solution of the structural auxiliary word.
When you see a small thing, you must carefully examine its texture, so you will find it interesting from time to time.
(2) If you have spare capacity, once you can't destroy a hair on the mountain, it will be like earth and stone? ("Yu Gong Yi Shan")
3 Guan Guan's dove is in Hezhou. ("Guan Guanzhi")
(4) Small prison, though not inspected, must be treated with affection. (Cao Gui Debate)
(5) the meaning of losing a child is just killing a minister. ("lose")
6. I want to go to Anling, a place five hundred miles away, and Anlingjun can promise me! ("Tang Ju does not disgrace her mission")
From the analysis of the above examples, we can see that when the word after "Zhi" is a noun (such as "Xi", "Zhou", "Prison", "Yi" and "Di") or a noun phrase (such as "Mao"), "Zhi" is used as a structural auxiliary word "De".
2. "Zhi" is used between subject and predicate without translation.
It's embarrassing, you won't benefit! ("Yu Gong Yi Shan")
(2) Xu Gong is not as beautiful as you. ("Zou Ji satirizes Wang Qi's incompetence")
3 children are not fish, know the happiness of fish? ("Zhuangzi and Keiko Tour Haoliang")
(4) Take the world at will and attack the pro-side. ("Get more help when you get it, and get less help when you lose it")
⑤ Worry about the world first, and enjoy it later. (The Story of Yueyang Tower)
It can be seen from these examples that when "zhi" is used between a noun or pronoun (subject) and a verb or adjective (predicate), "zhi" is not translated.
3. "Zhi" plays the role of regulating syllables and does not translate.
This usage is rare in junior high school, such as:
After a long time, my eyes seem to fade and I feel very idle. (wolf)
On the ridge where I dropped out of school to farm, I felt disappointed for a long time. (The Chen She Family) 3456
It can be seen that this kind of "zhi" is often used after adverbs of time to adjust syllables without translation.
4. What is the meaning of "Zhi" in classical Chinese? 1 structural auxiliary word, yes.
For example:
The city of three miles, the hometown of seven miles.
Structural auxiliary words, used between subject and predicate, cancel the independence of sentences and have no practical significance.
For example:
And the combination of two wolves is the same.
3 pronouns. Replace people, things, etc.
For example:
Attacking with a ring is invincible.
Four verbs, go, go and arrive.
For example:
(1) on the ploughed ridge
I want Nanhai
(3) Farewell to the viceroy and go to Shu for his post.
(4) Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou
Symbol of prepositional object.
For example:
What is this?
5 complement syllables, meaningless.
For example:
As time goes by, my eyes seem to fade. ...
6 as a sign of attributive postposition.
For example:
A thousand miles of horses
5. What are the meanings of classical Chinese? There are mainly the following emergencies:
1. Cancel the sentence independence between subject and predicate, such as "Where did my sword fall" in "Carving a boat for a sword".
2. The structural auxiliary word "de", such as "When I was young, I also had fun outside things", which translates into that I often had fun outside the objects themselves.
3. He, she, it (them), if it is a good person, just follow.
4. Just go there. Go, such as "Happy Travel" and "Xi takes nine Wan Li and goes south"
5. This, this, such as "Gong Yu Yishan" can't destroy the mountain of the chief father.
6。 Symbol of prepositional object. "Why is there a humble room" in "Humble Room Inscription"
7. I, the snake catcher, will be born sad?
8. Symbol after attribute. "Yueyang Tower" "If you live in a temple, you will worry about your people".
9. Accessed auxiliary words, adjusting syllables, have no substantive meaning. Such as "Cao Gui debate", "the public will flatter it".
6. What does classical Chinese mean?
Ask someone, something or the nature of something.
What news did you get from there?
Ask about something or something.
Tell me what you are looking for.
Imagination refers to something that expresses uncertainty.
Smell a scent of flowers.
Express negation
What is he? You care about him?
Express blame
What are you laughing at?
It means asking about the possibilities that are not included in this word or a series of words before it.
Is this a reptile, an amphibian or something else?
Express surprise or excitement
What? No breakfast!
Excerpt from Baidu Chinese
Interrogative pronouns. Express doubt.
Tang Yan Gong Jian, King of the Five Dynasties: "Qi Zhanggong first came from the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River, put his book bag in the East Gate of the country, and took his career first ... Han began to see the topic, but asked with the cover:' Why do you want to make a decision?' "
"Jingde Deng Chuan Ji Fa Da Zen Master": "The ancestors said again,' What's your name?' Right: "named Fada." "Lu Xun's" Scream Medicine ":"It smells good! What snacks do you have? "
Li Guangtian; Foreword: "If you ask what the meaning of these articles is, barely speaking, it only reflects some aspects of that old society."
Interrogative pronouns. It means no need, no need
Tang Luyan's "Persuade the World" poem: "Food and clothing follow the fate, natural music; What is your life? What did you ask? ! "
Yuan Anonymous's Earning Kuai Tong is the fourth fold: "If Han had written earlier, Marshal Han would have been free from false accusation ... I know nothing about magic and tricks!" Say it, don't play dumb!
Excerpted from Baidu Encyclopedia related entries.
7. What does classical Chinese mean? 1. Definition: Classical Chinese is a written language based on ancient Chinese.
Classical Chinese is an article composed of written language in ancient China, mainly including written language based on spoken language in pre-Qin period. Classical Chinese comes from vernacular Chinese, characterized by writing based on words, paying attention to the use of allusions, parallel prose, and neat melody, including strategies, poems, words, songs, stereotyped writing, parallel prose and other styles.
2. Features: The characteristics of classical Chinese are: separation of speech and writing, concise writing. Compared with vernacular Chinese (including spoken and written language), the characteristics of classical Chinese are mainly manifested in grammar and vocabulary.
3. Structure: (1) The so-called judgment sentence is a sentence that uses nouns, pronouns or noun phrases as predicates to judge the subject. Its common form is as follows: 1). "... Zhe, ... is also" ",... is also" ",... Zhe also" "... Zhe, ..." "... Zhe also" and so on.
For example, "Chen She people are also from Yangcheng." (historical records. Chen She family)-Bobby Chen is from Yangcheng.
(2) "Although Cao Cao is a famous Han Xiang, he is actually a Han thief." (Zi Jian) ③ Yi, an ancient sharpshooter.
("Guanzi Situation Solution" back to 64) 4 "Four people, Lu Zhi, father of Changle Wang, father of Yu, father of An Shangchun." (Wang Anshi's trip) (5) If you are shocked, Zhou didn't make a move.
2) Adverbs "Nai", "Namely", "Ze", "Du", "Shi", "Cheng" and "Wei" are used to express judgment. This is the autumn when I was in service.
"(1) I don't know the palace in the sky, what year is this evening. (2) is now in the tomb.
(3) Fu Liang namely chu will Xiang Yan. (4) This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower.
3) Use the negative adverb "Fei" to express negation. Such as: "Six countries collapse, not bad soldiers, bad wars, bad Qin.
"(1) Climb high and recruit, and you can see far without lengthening your arms. (2) The city is not high, the pool is not deep, the soldiers are not strong, and there are not many meters.
(3) The North Sea is not too mountainous. Passive sentences In classical Chinese, the subject of some sentences is the receiver of action, which is a passive sentence.
Its common types are: 1). See ... see ... in the passive voice. For example, "I often laugh at a generous family.
"(1) I'm afraid to see deceives you. (2) Qin Cheng was afraid that he could not get it, but saw his bullying.
(3) so confused in Zheng Xiu, deceives in yi cheung. (4) Li, seventeen years old, is good at classical Chinese and knows all six arts. He has unlimited time to learn from Yu Yu.
2) For, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for Yu ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... For ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for
"(1) to die, laugh for the world. (2) For the country, no ambassador will be taken away by Wikipedia.
(3) Serve the Group in terms of income. (4) first fear for fuck.
Inverted sentences in ancient Chinese are relative to the sentence order in modern Chinese. Based on this, we divide inversion sentences in classical Chinese into prepositional object, attributive postposition, adverbial postposition and verb inversion. 1). Preposition object The so-called prepositional object is the component that is usually used as an object and placed in front of the predicate verb to express emphasis.
For example, the word "zhi" in "disagree" is the prepositional object. Preposition objects are usually divided into four situations.
(1) In interrogative sentences, interrogative pronouns are objects and prepositional objects. What is the king doing here? Wes, who are we going home with? (2) In negative sentences, pronouns are objects and prepositions are objects.
For example, "ancient people are not arrogant." (3) Advance the object with the help of "Zhi" and "Shi".
For example, "I don't know the sentence, but I'm confused." "Studying hard is urgent and rare.
(4) Preposition objects in prepositional phrases. For example, "Why else would the book be here?" 2) Attributive postposition usually puts the attribute before the head word, but there are many sentences in classical Chinese that put the attribute after the head word.
For example, "Earthworms have no advantages as minions, but their bones and muscles are strong. They eat soil and drink yellow water, but also with their hearts. " Among them, "benefit" and "strength" are post-attributes.
The attributive postposition in classical Chinese has the following situations. (1) Postposition the attribute with "zhi".
For example, "How many people are there in a big world?" (2) Use the postposition of "zhe". For example, "a horse can travel thousands of miles and eat one stone at a time."
"3. Adverbials are postpositioned in ancient Chinese. Preposition structures are adverbials and are often placed after sentences as complements. For example, "to be rich" is a prepositional phrase that is placed at the end of a sentence as a complement.
4). verb inversion is rare and is often used to express strong exclamation. I'm very sorry, but you are not well.
""come on, wind. " "Beautiful, I am a youth in China.
"[Exercise] Judge the sentence patterns in the following sentences. (1) It is impossible to protect the people and be king.
(2) There is no difference in love between the king and the people. (3) What is virtue, then you can be king? (4) How do you know I can do it? Elliptic sentences in classical Chinese generally contain ellipsis. Grasping the ellipsis helps to fully understand the meaning of the sentence.
The provincial sentence in classical Chinese is usually: 1). Omit the subject. (1) Carry forward the former provinces.
For example, "there are different snakes in Yongzhou wild, black and white." (2) carry forward the province.
For example, "Pei Gong said to me,' Gong' I'm going to join the army and enter the army. ""(3) self-reported provinces.
For example, "(giving) love is a stream. When it enters two or three miles, (giving) is the home of those who are particularly unique." (4) Dialogue province.
Such as: "(Mencius) said:' solo music (yuè) music (lè), tongle music (yuè) music (lè), which music (lè)? "(The king) said,' If you are not with others. "2). Omit the predicate.
For example, "One drum is full of energy, then (drum) will decline and three drums will be exhausted." 3). Omit the object.
For example, "You can burn it and leave." 4). Omit the prepositional object.
For example, "read it in public, let the mink out and cover the door." 5). Omit the preposition "Yu".
Today, the clock was put in the water, although no sound was heard in the storm. [Exercise] Fill in the omitted components in the following sentences.
(1) ran's taste in also, so the surname is creek for Ran Xi. (2) Therefore, Ximen Bao is a famous imperial edict.
(3) It's two strategies, not passive music. (4) all the mountains are flat and covered.
Fixed structure (1) and questionable fixed structure are: helpless, how, how, how, what, what, if ... what, such as (nai) ... what, which is it, is it ... which one is it? Take my treasure instead of our city What can we do? (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) My son brought his elk to our city to relax. What? (Battle of the Wars) How about 3 being different from each other? ("Zuo zhuan Qi Huangong Chu") (4) What about pot calling the kettle black? (。