During the Warring States Period, Qin and Han Dynasties, irrigation and planting in Fenhe River basin were paid attention to. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in order to develop agricultural production in Hedong and avoid the difficulty of water transportation to the east of Sanmenxia, the prefect of Hedong County suggested that Pi's family (now Hejin) should be irrigated through canals. Later, according to the suggestion of Fan Bu, tens of thousands of people were sent to make the canal. After the canal was completed, some gains were made. During the Yongping period of the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 58-75), it was planned to build an east-west canal between the Hutuo River to "transfer to Shandong Cao Cao and use Qin Jin". According to the research of Yang Shoujing, a geographer in Qing Dynasty, the route is "Jiaocheng, Beishan, Taiyuan, grave digging and Yangqu". From Xinzhou North to Dingxianghui, floods flooded.
Sui and Tang dynasties were the prosperous periods of Fenhe River's water transportation and irrigation. In the third year of Emperor Yangdi's reign (AD 583), Chang 'an warehouse was empty, and Cao Fenjin's millet was given to the capital. "Cao Zhou from Wei (water) into the river, the river into Fen, Cao Fen Jin" ("Jincheng slightly" volume 14). During the reign of Tang Kaiyuan, Pei Yaoqing "Li Cao". ("The Book of the New Tang Dynasty") It can be seen that the navigation capacity of Fenhe River is very high, and the water transport capacity is great.
During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, due to the relocation of the capital and the diversion of water from Fenhe River and Shanxi River to Taiyuan many times in the early Song Dynasty, the Fenhe levee in Taiyuan was artificially destroyed. As a result, the shipping of Fenhe River dropped sharply than before, and there was no record of water transportation for a long time, only a small amount of navigation activities.
According to documents, after the mid-Tang Dynasty, all the trees in the Qinling Mountains and Longshan Mountains were cut down, which could not meet the needs of building palaces. "There are no giant trees near the mountain, so it is better to ask for a house than a orchid" (Book of the New Tang Dynasty (volume 137), Biography of Pei Yanling). Luliang Mountain, close to Kaifeng, Luoyang and Beijing, and with the convenience of the Yellow River, Fenhe River and land transportation, has become a key area for logging timber. After logging near the capitals, it was taken from Shanxi. Here, "there are different trees in the north of Shanxi, and those who seek wood for the palace belong to the world" (Liu Zongyuan's Jinwen). By the Northern Song Dynasty (A.D.10/0-1016), cypress trees had been cut down in Lanxian, Lishi and Fenyang, with as many as 30,000 to 40,000 people. A lot of wood was cut down. "First, it drifted into Fenhe River along the tributaries, and then the raft went down the Fenhe River. So at that time, there was a scene of thousands of rafts going down the river. Fenhe River Basin was reclaimed and cut in Tang, Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties. Prior to this, the lush green mountains and green waters became barren hills and mountains everywhere, the water volume was greatly reduced, and soil erosion was intensified. Fenhe River, which is convenient for irrigation and shipping, has gradually become the turbid flow of Nana Ogawa with uncertain droughts and floods, shrinking water sources and bare feet.
Before the three-year drought in Guangxu, due to the pressure of population, the phenomenon of deforestation, reclamation and planting increased, soil erosion became more and more serious, and the water volume of Fenhe River decreased greatly. In the Ming dynasty, boats could only be put on the river in autumn and summer, and the earth bridge was used as crossing the river in winter and spring. In the Qing Dynasty, although some people imagined that "boats could be built on the Fenhe River and boats could be built in the south", there was no possibility of shipping on the Fenhe River. Development of past dynasties
Fenhe River Basin is one of the cradles of ancient Chinese civilization, with a long history of water conservancy, and its achievements are mostly concentrated in the middle and lower reaches of Fenhe River and its main tributaries. The benefits of drawing spring water to promote irrigation first appeared in the early Warring States period. "Water Classic Note" records: "Difficult old age benefits Er Quan, drought does not dry up, winter does not freeze, irrigation more than 100 hectares." During the Eastern Han Dynasty in Miko Wu, Luanchi Canal was dug in Yicheng, and fields were irrigated with Gaoxiang Mountain Spring, and fields were irrigated with crimson water (boiling spring) in Quwo County. In the 16th year of Emperor Yangdi's Huang Kai (596), Linfen County ordered the beam track to "open 12 drums and pile up springs to irrigate more than 100 hectares of farmland" in Jiangzhou. By the Tang Dynasty, in addition to Jinci Spring and Gudui Spring, the active spring of Guangsheng Temple in Hong Tong, Longzici Spring in Linfen and Sanyu Spring in Longmen (now Hejin) benefited from irrigation. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Hongshan Spring in Jiexiu County was also developed. The earliest record of using Fenhe River water to irrigate farmland was in the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty in BC 128. Hedong satrap suggested building a canal in the lower reaches of Fenhe River to irrigate the beaches around Hejin and Ronghe River. Since the Tang Dynasty, many canals have been opened for irrigation in the middle and lower reaches of Fenhe River and on both sides of tributaries such as Uighur, Wenyu River, Xiaohe River and Changyuan River. The largest one was Zhenyuan in the Tang Dynasty (785 ~ 805), and Wei Wu, the secretariat of Jiangzhou, presided over the irrigation of farmland with water 13000 hectares. In the second year of Xingbao in Jin Dynasty (12 18), Tongli Canal was built on the main stream of Fenhe River in Hongtong and Zhao Cheng counties. According to ancient records, hundreds of channels have been opened for diverting Fenhe River, and the middle and lower reaches of Fenhe River are one of the developed areas of water conservancy in China.
Irrigation district construction
There are 29 large and medium-sized gravity irrigation areas in the basin, with an irrigation area of over 6,543,800 mu. Among them, there are four large-scale irrigation areas with an irrigation area of over 300,000 mu, namely Fenhe Irrigation Area, Xiaohe Irrigation Area, Wenyuhe Irrigation Area and Fenxi Irrigation Area. There are also 25 medium-sized irrigation areas. The total effective irrigation area is 2.78 million mu.
Fenhe Irrigation District is located in Taiyuan Basin in the middle of Shanxi Province, and its area is distributed on both sides of Fenhe River, starting from Shanglan Village in the northern suburb of Taiyuan City in the north and reaching Hongxiang Village in Jiexiu County in Jinzhong area in the south, with a length of about 140 km and a width of about 20 km from east to west. Fenyang Highway and Ciyao River are bounded in the west, Sanmenxia Highway in the east and Tongpu Railway in the south. The irrigation area spans Taiyuan, Jinzhong and Lvliang, covering 488 villages and 56 beneficiary townships in 12 counties (cities, districts). The whole irrigation area controls 2,055,500 mu of land, including cultivated land/kloc-0 1.5684 million mu. The designed irrigation area is1495,500 mu, and the benefit area accounts for nearly one tenth of the water area of Shanxi Province. It is one of the largest gravity irrigation areas in Shanxi Province. In addition to agricultural irrigation, Fenhe Irrigation District also undertakes the task of supplying water to public welfare undertakings such as Taiyuan No.1 and No.2 Thermal Power Plants, Taigang, Dongxihu Lake in Qingxu County, Jiaocheng Industrial Park, Fenhe Park and Forest Park in Taiyuan.
pumping station
There are 29 large and medium-sized electromechanical pumping stations in the basin, with a total installed capacity of 6335 1 kW and an effective irrigation area of 5? 30,000 hectares (800,000 mu). There are two large-scale pumping stations with an irrigation area of over 20,000 hectares (300,000 mu) downstream, namely Fennan Electric Irrigation Station and Xifan Electric Irrigation Station. After 1949, Fenhe River, as the most important river course in Shanxi Province, was first included in the rules and planning of water conservancy construction in the whole province, and the comprehensive management and development of the whole basin persisted. The Fenhe River Basin Planning Report was compiled in 1954, supplemented and revised in 1956 and 1986 respectively. 1972, the planning of Fenhe river basin management in Shanxi province was compiled and promulgated. Subsequently, a number of plans and corresponding designs for river regulation in the middle, lower and upper reaches were formulated one after another.
River regulation in the main stream of Fenhe River includes dike consolidation, dredging, access, greening, pollution control and comprehensive development, including measures such as demolition and reinforcement of old dikes, new dikes, dangerous work treatment, bank protection control, river regulation in the middle reaches, river obstacle removal and river regime guidance. While improving the flood discharge standard, the main river channel should be basically straightened out and regulated to ensure smooth flood discharge and stable river regime. Ensure the safety of cities, villages and towns, farmland and people's lives and property along the river. After many renovations, the flood control capacity of Fenhe River, which is nearly 700 kilometers long, has completely reached the fortification standard stipulated by the Ministry of Water Resources. reservoir engineering
There are three large reservoirs in the whole Fenhe River Basin, namely Fenhe Reservoir, Fenhe Reservoir II and Wenyuhe Reservoir. There are 0/3 medium-sized reservoirs/kloc-and 50 small reservoirs. Control the total basin area 17665 square kilometers, accounting for 45% of the total basin area. Total storage capacity 1508 1 100 million cubic meters.
Fenhe Reservoir is the largest reservoir in Shanxi Province, located in the upper reaches of Fenhe River, north of Xiashijiazhuang Village, Dujiaoqu Town, loufan county. It is away from Guancenshan 122km, the birthplace of Fenhe River, 83km away from Taiyuan, the provincial capital, and the controlled drainage area is 5268km2. The reservoir was built in 1958 and operated in 196 1 year. The designed total storage capacity is 72 1 100 million cubic meters, the maximum backwater length is 18 kilometers, and the maximum backwater area is 32 square kilometers. This is a large-scale (2) water conservancy control project focusing on flood control and irrigation, taking into account power generation and fish farming. The design criteria are once-in-a-century flood design and once-in-two-thousand flood check.
The second reservoir of Fenhe River is located on the main stream of Fenhe River, 30 kilometers northwest of Taiyuan City, at the intersection of Fenhe River and Liulin River. It is a large-scale water control project with flood control and water supply as its main function and comprehensive benefits such as power generation, tourism and aquaculture. The reservoir controls a watershed area of 2,348 square kilometers with a total storage capacity of10.33 billion cubic meters.
Wenyuhe Reservoir, located in the northwest of Beiyukou Village, Wenshui County, is located at the junction of the upper reaches of Wenyu River and the middle and lower reaches of Pingchuan. It is the valley area of Wenyu River, belonging to one of the six major reservoirs in Shanxi Province, with a storage capacity of1.1.300 million cubic meters and a water surface of about 4 square kilometers.
Inter-basin diversion project
In order to solve the problem of insufficient water supply in Fenhe River, two inter-basin water transfer projects were built in the upper and lower reaches of Fenhe River at the end of the 20th century. Namely Wanjiazhai Yellow River Diversion Project in the upstream and Mafanggou Yellow River Diversion Project in Linfen in the downstream. In 2003, Wanjiazhai Project has achieved an annual water supply of 3? 200 million cubic meters; Mafanggou Qinqin Water Diversion Project introduces Qinhe River into Fenhe River through Caoyuling Tunnel, and supplies 20 million cubic meters of water to Linfen every year.