Positive evaluation
When Qin Shihuang was in power, he annexed six countries and sent troops to explore the north and south. In history, it is said that "all the places that are over a hundred miles bow down", "thousands of miles go north" and "the king of Qin sweeps six rivers". According to the map of the Warring States Period, the territory is almost twice the area controlled by the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period. Moreover, Qin Shihuang "set up a county" and paid attention to the rule of conquered land and system construction, unlike other contemporary conquerors such as Alexander of Macedonia or Caesar of Rome, who only emphasized conquest and did not emphasize system construction; Thus stabilized the unified land rule and laid the foundation for the present Chinese territory. Later generations thought that "his contribution was greater than Qin Huang's Hanwu". It means that Qin Shihuang is ahead of Han Wudi in achievements, which is unparalleled in history.
Since Shang Yang's political reform, Qin attached great importance to the rule of law. Qin Shihuang inherited this tradition and admired Han Fei, a legalist figure. He once lamented that "if you walk with him, you will have no hatred." Reward and punish generals according to law. Although Qin Shihuang was autocratic and thought that "we rule the world", he still ruled the country according to law in the Qin Dynasty. Chen Sheng and the uprising, the reason is that "Qin law is harsh", and its crime is capital crime, so it has to be reversed, but the law forces the people to rebel. Nor is it like the "Zhumen wine stinks and frozen bones" in later generations. Because of serious corruption, officials forced the people to rebel. Later Confucianism advocated the rule of man, but not by law. A word was decided by the monarch, but the wind of rule by man and flattery still exists today.
Qin Shihuang initiated the post station system and built post roads. It laid a technical foundation for the decree access of the huge empire and the resulting county-based imperial power country. "Building a post road and establishing a county" is a necessary condition for China to adopt the advanced county system to replace the western enfeoffment system. At the same time, Rome can't effectively control the occupied areas, and there is only one powerful governor (the governor is in charge of the military and political power of a place, all of whom are nobles, and the grass-roots organizations rely on the original local organizations), which is still similar to the enfeoffment system, which is a very important reason for the later division of the Roman Empire. The county system is a civilian system, and its military and political leaders are appointed by the emperor. According to their political achievements, their military achievements can be raised or lowered and leveled, which leads to the emergence of professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers. Professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers can come from civilians, and county bureaucrats effectively protect the rights of civilians (Brazzaville) to participate in and discuss state affairs (such as Reese and Meng Ao). They are all cloth, and they can only come out after military achievements). Compared with the feudal aristocratic politics, it is undoubtedly a great historical progress. This is the origin of the civil service system and the military system in modern countries.
The Qin Empire established by Qin Shihuang laid the foundation that China's political system was more advanced than that of the West in recent 1700 years. The so-called "Han inherited the Qin system", "its system was unchanged from Qin" and "Qin political law was implemented in previous dynasties". China, in the era of imperial power in 2000, basically followed the system of Qin Dynasty in political system.
Li Bai's "Antique" poem: "Qin Wang sweeps Liuhe, he looks at him!"
Sang Hongyang affirmed Qin Shihuang's achievement in unifying China in his works.
Modern Zhang Taiyan also praised Qin Shihuang in Qin Zheng Ji 19 13.
Negative evaluation
Because Qin Shihuang promoted the Legalist theory of "ruling the country according to law", and later the rulers of China promoted the Confucian theory with benevolence and the golden mean as the core. Therefore, Qin Shihuang often appears as a negative example in various essays and historical records. Such as Jia Yi's On Qin and so on.
Historical Records quoted Jia Yi's Qin Lun;
The king of Qin was greedy and self-motivated, didn't believe in heroes, didn't kiss gentry, abolished kingship, established private rights, prohibited documents from abusing the law, and bullied power before righteousness, which began with tyranny.
4. When one person is in trouble, seven halls fall down, and his body dies and his hands die, laughing for the world. Why? Unscrupulous attack and defense are also different.
Qin Shihuang was regarded as a tyrant by many historians and would do anything for power.
The Great Wall of Wan Li, Qin Chi Road, Lingqu, Epang Palace and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor are all very large, and the population of the whole country is under construction. Many documents denounce the death and injury of many people in the construction process, but on the other hand, they have further developed the transportation in various places and contributed to the future transportation, economy and trade and the integration of all ethnic groups. Therefore, whether Qin Shihuang's achievements are great or too great has always been a point of debate in the history circle.
There is no doubt that there are various problems in today's society. Ecological crisis, spiritual crisis, moral crisis and value crisis are profoundly affecting the healthy development of human society, and the fate of mankind and the fate of the earth are once again severely challenged. Professor Fu Yongju, president of Confucius Institute, pointed out that the resources of Confucianism can provide valuable wisdom for the handling and solution of these problems. Dr. Montenegro of Slovakia said that in order to create a moral society without any unreasonable conflicts, the moral principles and unremitting efforts set by Confucius, the great mentor of mankind, are still unparalleled today. Now, for ourselves and our descendants, we should try our best to improve our living conditions. Only the ethical principles advocated by Confucius can help us do this.
Some experts believe that there are two schools in the history of China, one in the pre-Qin period and the other in modern times. 2 1 century, it is very likely that a hundred schools of thought will contend for the third time. It will bring the prosperity of China culture and contribute to the prosperity of the world culture. In the third contention of a hundred schools of thought, ancient Confucianism will be reexamined, baptized, developed and innovated. In the blending with other different ideological trends, * * * creates new ideas and cultures that are more suitable for the requirements of the times. Professor Shen of Anhui University pointed out that the national spirit of the Chinese nation has always advocated, pursued and adhered to "harmony". In today's new historical period, this national spirit will certainly make great contributions to the development history of all mankind.
As if to provide an example for "Confucianism is a good medicine to help the world in today's society", in the middle and late 20th century, Singapore, South Korea, Japan and other countries influenced by the Confucian cultural circle developed rapidly and became newly industrialized countries. The success of these countries has aroused widespread concern among scholars, one of which is the relationship between Confucian culture and economic development. Therefore, in the group discussion, the practice of Confucianism in Singapore in the 1980s and 1990s became an important topic, especially in resisting western individualism and emphasizing social consciousness, thrift, tolerance and frugality, which can be affirmed as a new way of modern society.
Practical significance of Confucius' educational thought
Revelation 1: What kind of talents should be trained for the purpose of education?
Confucius' educational thought is mainly embodied in The Analects of Confucius, and "being political" is the task of Confucianism, that is, "learning to be excellent is to be an official". Therefore, under the influence of Confucius' educational thought, China's traditional educational system is to cultivate security.
Governing the country is the purpose. In modern terms, majors are consistent, and there is no problem of professional counterparts.
Revelation 2: In terms of educational principles-how to advocate "teaching without discrimination"
"Teaching without distinction" is a great challenge and breakthrough of Confucius to traditional teaching, and also a great contribution to education. Opening education to the people is the basis for breaking the past learning system and upgrading talents. The "class" of teaching without class refers to the quality of all social classes and students. Based on the former, Confucius studied in the government, and education was the patent of nobles. Confucius created the precedent of "teaching without class" and opened the educational imprisonment set by nobles. "I have never stopped learning by myself" (The Analects? Confucius accepted students without any restrictions. Confucius will never give up a scholar as long as he reaches the most basic etiquette of learning from his teacher. The origins of its 3,000 disciples are as follows: Shandong, Chu, Qin, Jin, Chen, Song, Wu, Wei and other countries; On age: Yan Lu, Zhong You and others are similar in age to Confucius, and younger ones, such as Gong Sunlong, are 53 years younger than Confucius; On Origin: Meng Aozi is his son, Zhong Gong's father is a shrew and a savage, Gongye Chang is a criminal, Yan is a robber, Zi Gong is a tycoon, Yan Hui and Yuan Xian are poor and farmers ... In short, there are all kinds of students here, but Confucius treats them equally except Fan Chi who invited him to study crops.
There is no distinction between Confucius' teaching, one is to advocate the popularization of education, and the other is to advocate the fairness of education. Teaching people with "six arts" did not begin with Confucius, but began with Confucius popularizing six arts. Confucius believes that human nature is good and human nature is good. Although people have different personalities and temperaments, we can only rely on education to turn everyone from evil to good. The educational idea of education without class contains the advanced educational idea of educational fairness, and it is a leap to put forward the educational idea of education without class in slave society. Contact our current education, has it really achieved the goal of teaching without class? The difference between urban and rural areas is becoming more and more obvious, and the difference between urban and rural education is also growing. In key schools at all levels in the city, education is artificially divided into several equal brothers, and educational unfairness is everywhere. The problem of choosing a school initiated by the privileged class in society makes students and parents poor, loses justice and fairness, and encourages the prevalence of bad social atmosphere. Isn't it the idea advocated by quality education that communities treat every school equally, schools treat every grade equally, all grades treat every class equally, and classes treat every student equally? However, in an era when choice and distinction are the basic means of education, all equality can only be an idea, and it is difficult to really implement it in educational practice. Social investment and teachers are concentrated in key schools in the community, in key classes of the school, and in outstanding students in the class. Is this today's education? Key schools, key classes and hierarchical teaching, euphemistically called personalized teaching, are actually typical representatives of classified teaching. Covering up one's wrong behavior with correct public theory has become a masterpiece of today's society. Compared with Confucius' teaching without class in slave society, contemporary socialist education still embodies "teaching without class" As the relevant departments of education, as educators, can we not be ashamed? It is really time to wake up!
Revelation 3: In the concept of scholarship-"being upright and tireless" and "being tireless in learning"
Confucius is regarded as the teacher of all generations and naturally has its respect. The Analects of Confucius only records some of Confucius' words and deeds, but in the words and deeds recorded in the Analects of Confucius, we can still clearly see Confucius' educational philosophy and feel the exemplary image of Confucius as a teacher. His academic ideas of "respecting morality, being diligent" and "never tire of learning" still have positive warning significance for our educators.