Image-number thinking refers to the way of thinking that uses intuitive, vivid and perceptual image-number tools such as images, symbols and numbers to reveal the essential laws of the cognitive world, and grasps the connection of the cognitive world through analogy and symbol, thus constructing a unified model of the universe.
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Image-number thinking regards the laws of nature, social history, life and human heart as unity, correspondence, similarity and interaction. With the help of taiji diagram, five elements of yin and yang, eight diagrams, sixty-four hexagrams, confused Luo, dry branches and other image symbols and schemas. This "image number" is not a single and simple symbolic model of people or things, but includes heaven, earth and people, that is, everything in the universe. Image-number thinking is based on images, analogizing the laws of things from images, taking "image number" as the thinking model, explaining, deducing and simulating the existing forms, structural forms and motion laws of all things in the universe, and conducting macro, holistic and dynamic research on the universe, society, history, life, people's hearts and life ... It has great universality and inclusiveness.
Image-number thinking had a far-reaching impact on ancient natural science and life science in China, especially on traditional Chinese medicine. No matter clinical practice or theoretical discussion, Chinese medicine can not be separated from the thinking of "image number" It can be said that image-number thinking covers and embodies the characteristics of holistic, neutral, changeable, intuitive, static, homeopathic and functional thinking in traditional Chinese medicine, and is the core of thinking methods in traditional Chinese medicine. The application of image-number thinking in traditional Chinese medicine is manifested in Tibetan image, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, materia medica, acupuncture and so on.
First, the image number overview
"Image" originally refers to the image of all things, and the Book of Changes: "Seeing is the image, and shape is the device". "Image" generally has the meanings of phenomenon, object image, event image, image, image and legal image, which can be roughly divided into two levels. One is symbolic image, that is, artificial image, also known as "image" (including legal image); The second is the image of things, that is, the image of nature, also known as "object image" (including things, images and phenomena). Symbolic images mainly refer to hexagrams, hexagrams, river maps, Luoshu, Taiji maps, five elements of Yin and Yang, dry branches and so on. Their function is to summarize and explain the state and characteristics of everything in the universe, and to simulate, symbolize and deduce the migration law of everything in the universe. The image of things refers to the concrete image of everything, including all measured quantities and order relations. There is a close relationship between symbol image and object image. Symbolic image is a generalized form of object image, which is the object symbolized and compared by symbolic image. Symbolic image comes from the image of things, and the image of things is expressed by symbolic image.
The Book of Changes under Cohesion says: "The changers are like this." Where there are elephants, there are elephants. "It means thinking in images (thinking in images for short). Thinking in images is a process of extracting "image" from "object image" and then deducing "object image" from "image". Through the comparison of images and classes, thinking in images fully associates and analogizes the same, similar or similar attributes, laws and characteristics of the studied object and the known object, finds out the characteristics and fundamental connotation of * * *, and marks and classifies the object with "image" as a tool, so as to achieve the purpose of simulating, understanding and knowing the object. Thinking in images has great concreteness, intuition and experience. It takes "image" as the intermediary, grasps the inherent nature of things and the implicit relationship with other things, explores the nature and changing law of things from a macro perspective, and melts the separation and isolation of subjective and objective opposites, which has unique epistemological significance.
Second, quantity.
There are two kinds of numbers, one is measured and quantitative, and the other is superficial and qualitative. The "number" in the thinking method of image number focuses on qualitative representation, which is actually a special "image". Qualitative representation of "number" also refers to "easy number", such as: number of nine yin and six yang, odd and even number of yin and yang, number of five elements, number of eight diagrams, number of creation of heaven and earth, number of nine palaces, number of river maps, number of Luo Shu, number of big derivatives and number of sixty flowers. Number is a special image, which is formalized and simplified, so it can also be regarded as an image.
Among all kinds of figures, the river map and Luo Shu are widely used. According to the original meaning of the Book of Changes written by Zhu in the Southern Song Dynasty, the river map is arranged with one to ten natural numbers, and the Luo Shu is arranged with one to nine natural numbers. This arrangement of numbers is itself a combination of numbers and shapes.
The number of river graphs comes from the algebra of heaven and earth in Zhouyi. The Book of Changes says: "Heaven and earth are divided into two parts; Tian San, Di Si; Heaven five, earth six; Bati Tianqi; Nine days and ten places. Five days, five digits, five combinations. There are five days and thirty places in twenty miles. " There are five out of fifty places in heaven and earth, so it is possible to change and act as ghosts and gods. "The number of river maps corresponds to five elements. "Five Elements of History of Han Dynasty" said: "The sky is full of water, the ground is full of fire, the sky is full of wood, the ground is full of gold, and the sky is full of earth. All five are five in one, and yin and yang are translocated, so the princess is 50%. However, the quantity of water is six, seven, eight, Jin Jiu and ten. "The river map is arranged as follows: one lives in six northern families, two lives in seven southern friends, three lives in eight eastern friends, four lives in nine western friends and five lives in ten middle friends.
The serial number of Luo Shu comes from the establishment of ancient Tang Ming. In Tang Ming, nine rooms were assigned nine numbers: "Who was Tang Ming in ancient times?". Food and wine room. ..... 1294, 753, 6 18. "This number combination is also called Jiugong calculation. Xu Yue's Notes on Numbers in the Han Dynasty said: "The nine palaces count, and the participation of the five elements is like a cycle." Zhen Luan's explanation of "Nine Palaces" in the Northern Zhou Dynasty is: "Nine Palaces, that is, two or four are shoulders, six or eight are feet, three are left and seven are right, nine are worn, and five live in the middle."
The Book of the River Map Luo discusses the changing law of odd and even yin and yang in the form of numbers, in which the difference between the five generated numbers in the River Map is "five" and the sum of the three numbers in the Book of Luo is "fifteen", showing a concept of symmetry and harmony. The popularity of odd and even numbers-the interactive popularity of river map 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and the reverse popularity of Luo Shu 1, 3, 9, 7 and 2, 4, 8, 6-embodies the circular unity. We believe that the Book of Hutuluo is a mathematical model of the laws of life in the universe.
Number thinking is luck thinking, that is, comparing and symbolizing with "number". Luck thinking is actually a special image-taking thinking.
In the practice of Tibetan elephant, pulse diagnosis, materia medica, prescription, acupuncture and room, Chinese medicine uses not only concrete and intuitive measurement and quantitative "quantity", but also qualitative and symbolic "image" numbers. Because number and image are inseparable, the application of logarithm in traditional Chinese medicine is more characterized by "taking number as image", as summarized in Su Wen's five movements theory: "Yin and Yang of heaven and earth are not inferred by number, but called by image." The application of "number" in TCM is mainly qualitative rather than quantitative. In the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, the number of heaven and earth from one day to nine days, five zang-fu organs, the twelve meridians, eight odd meridians, the twelve meridians, three Yin San yang, five movements and six qi, five rounds of eight cardinal guides, six yin and seven emotions, three points and nine phases, eight cardinal guides, three cubic eight methods, four qi and five flavors, five points, eight meeting points, eight methods of Guilin, eight winds of Jiugong and so on.
Three. Images and numbers
The symmetry between "elephant" and "number" was first seen in Zuo Zhuan Xi Gong Fifteen Years: "Turtle, elephant; Pot, count. " The word "image number" was used together, which appeared in Han Dynasty. "Yi Gan Wei Kun Chishui" said: "Gossip has become a tactic, which seems to be a few ordinary things, and the old world was limited to it."
The unity of image number is an important feature of image number thinking. Image and number are inseparable, image contains number, and number contains image. There are sixty-four hexagrams in Zhouyi, each of which is called six for Yin and nine for Yang, and the hexagrams contain numbers. Eight diagrams are arranged in all directions, one against two, three earthquakes, four waves, five ridges, six roots, seven Kun eight, and eight diagrams contain numbers; In Yi Zhuan, odd days are Yang and odd places are Yin, which links the number with the image of Yin and Yang. Shang Shu Hong Fan: "Water, fire, wood, gold and earth." Numbers are associated with the images of the five elements. The efforts made by mathematicians in the Song Dynasty in the collocation of Hetu, Luoshu and the Eight Diagrams of Grade One and Grade Two are all trying to combine the number of Heluo with the Eight Diagrams. In the eyes of elephant mathematicians, "number" and "image" are symbols that express the functions, attributes, relationships and changing laws of things.
Fourth, thinking like numbers.
Image-number thinking is the combination of image thinking and digital thinking. Through divination, yin and yang, five elements, heavenly stems and earthly branches, Hutuluo, Taiji diagram and odd and even numbers (for example, Xu Shen in the Eastern Han Dynasty explained the symbolic meaning of natural numbers from "one" to "ten" well: "One, only the beginning, the Tao stands in one, creating a division between heaven and earth, and transforming. ..... ten, the number is also. " One is east, the other is west, the other is north, and the other is south, so the four sides of the center are ready. ) etc. to understand the existing mode and changing law of everything in the universe, and to deduce the natural change path of the universe. Image-number thinking involves the principle of heaven and man, everything and life, and it is one of the oldest, most practical and most vital ways of thinking of the Chinese nation. The thinking method of image and number is actually a thinking method of comparing classes through image and number.
"Class" refers to a kind of things with the same or similar properties and functions. "Mo Jing Daqu" said: "Fu Yan was born in the past, based on reason, but also based on class ... People who make speeches without knowing its class will be sleepy." Word is a sentence and a proposition; "Therefore" is an argument, reason and condition; "Reason" is a universal law; "Class" is a noun, which refers to the same kind of things. "Analogy" refers to things with the same or similar properties and functions, which can be classified as a "class" and can be used to infer everything.
The Book of Changes puts forward that "gentlemen distinguish things by their classes", and the Book of Changes clearly puts forward that "parties gather by their classes, and things are divided by their groups", arguing that "if you draw and delay, learn from it, and learn from it, the world will be able to achieve its work". The function of the Eight Diagrams in the Book of Changes is to "connect the virtues of the gods with the feelings of all things", that is, to combine the cognitive subject and the cognitive object according to the image through the image number model of the Eight Diagrams. Image number thinking can not only sort out and analyze various and complicated things into specific "classes" and control them in a fixed image number model, but also sum up the "principle" of the unity and isomorphism of all things, and infer and deduce the "principle" of the change and generation of similar things with the help of image number model. This is the method of "taking images as luck and drawing inferences from others".
Days of gossip
The classification method of image-number thinking is different from western logical induction and deduction. It is a combination of induction and deduction, and it classifies all kinds of complex things into limited categories, such as Yin-Yang, Eight Diagrams and Five Elements. Inferring other things of the same kind according to the image number model is another deductive method. "Image number" is a medium with two-way function, which not only has the function of bringing everything into its own framework, but also has the function of analogy and comparison with its own framework. The methods of "taking images" and "carrying numbers" organically link things that seem irrelevant and have nothing in common, and establish universal connections between images and things, and between things and images, thus integrating the original complex and incoherent universe and making it systematic and simplified.
Image-number thinking has a very important influence on the formation and development of traditional Chinese medicine. Through the analogy of pulse, face, sound, image and color image, TCM obtains Tibetan image and syndrome image, thus explaining the changes of viscera, qi and pathology of human body. Traditional Chinese medicine has summarized a limited number of "images", such as yin-yang images, five elements images, Tibetan images, syndrome images, six meridians images, four qi and five flavors images, acupuncture images and so on, which people can directly observe. Most of the concepts obtained by taking images through the image number model of traditional Chinese medicine are image concepts. Compared with pure abstract concepts in modern medicine, they not only contain some objective symbolic meaning, that is, rational classification, but also penetrate some subjective perceptual division, and have the characteristics of holography, functionality, visualization, simplicity and flexibility.