According to historical records, "Monk" (Zhao said, "Mencius, the descendant of Duke Lu." Han Shu notes the cloud: "Sub-car." I said, "The word Yu Zi." I'm human, too. (I'm Zou, too. I'm China. ) people who are considered by the industry.
It is difficult for us to know Mencius' family situation. Probably after Zhu, Mencius' position was greatly improved, but in the previous years, Mencius' position was far from Confucius'. "Historical Records" lists Confucius as "home", while Mencius is only in a biography (that biography is not so much a biography of Mencius and Xun Qing as a biography of Xia Ji philosophers or Warring States philosophers). From the content, Confucius' family background is extremely detailed, while Mencius' biography is extremely brief. It can be seen that Confucius has been receiving much attention in the Western Han Dynasty. In today's school classification, Confucius is undoubtedly a Confucian school, but none of the pre-Qin philosophers can deny Confucius' influence. After the death of Confucius, the school had a certain influence on Wei's politics, and this influence is likely to disappear with the death of Confucius. Ceng Zi and Zisi inherited the thoughts of Confucius. Although Han Fei is talking about "Yan's Confucianism", I don't know if it refers to Yan Hui. Yan Hui was only forty years old when he died. I wonder if he has any students. Zigong influenced wuyue's hegemony; Zhang Zi is probably a etiquette school; It is said that the business district has inherited Confucius' Yi-ology.
This shows the influence of Confucius' post-learning. Among other philosophers, Zhuangzi was probably the first to talk about Confucius. Zhuangzi talked about Confucius, and there were probably dozens of places that were his "targets". But Su Shi's Zhuangzi Ancestral Temple says, "I thought Zhuangzi helped Confucius". Xunzi admired Confucius and opposed Zi Si and Mencius. Han Feizi also talked about Confucius many times, and there was almost no sign of opposing Confucius. Although Wu Zhu opposed Confucianism, he opposed the rigid Confucian scholars, which existed in all dynasties. In today's words, he can probably be called a kind idealistic nerd.
In addition, the books that annotated the Six Classics in the pre-Qin period, such as Zuo's Biography in the Spring and Autumn Period, Yang Gong Biography in the Spring and Autumn Period and Gu Liang Biography in the Spring and Autumn Period, can also be regarded as influenced by Confucius.
During the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shihuang was very disgusted with Confucian scholars. His eldest son, Fu Su, once said: "At the beginning of the world, the leaders of those who are far away have not gathered. Students all recite the teachings of Confucius, and now they all attach importance to the teaching of law, fearing that the world will be uneasy. Just take a look, and the result is to go to the northern frontier. Liu bang once worshipped Confucius, and Confucius said, "A high emperor crossing Lu is better than a shrine." During the period of Emperor Wen, Fu Sheng, Shen Gong, Han Ying and others ruled Shangshu. They were all inheritors of Confucianism since the Warring States Period. From these four paragraphs, we can probably know the influence of Confucius before and after the Han Dynasty.
And Mencius? We know that Mencius had many disciples, such as Zhang Wan and Gong Sunchou, but they didn't seem to achieve anything other than writing books. This shows that Confucius and Mencius have different identities. Without the admiration of Han Yu and Zhu, Mencius might still be forgotten in the corner of history.
The Biography of Women also records Mencius' early years, and the well-known story of "Meng Mu's Three Movements" is also attached to the text for this reason.
Mencius is a disciple of Confucius' grandson. The Doctrine of the Mean, which Zhu thinks, is the work of Zisi.
Since Taoism is well known, (Zhao said, "Mencius knows the five classics, especially poetry." Cheng Zi said: Mencius said: You can be an official, you can dismiss the official, you can delay for a long time, you can speed up. ""Confucius is also a saint. Therefore, people who know how to change things are better than Mencius. He also said: "The trace of the king is gone, and the poem is dead. After the poem dies, write the Spring and Autumn Period. " Then he said, "There is no righteous war in the Spring and Autumn Period. He also said, "The matter of the son of heaven in the Spring and Autumn Period", so people who know the Spring and Autumn Period are like Mencius. Yin said: "In this way, Zhao said that Mencius grew up in a book of poems. Do you know who Mencius is? 」)
There are many views on the sentence "the Tao is the access", but I also have my own thoughts. I tend to combine "Tao is communication" with "forty indifferent". Look at the following sentence first:
If you travel together, you can't tell the king. Liang was not sure what he was talking about when it was appropriate, but he regarded it as a circuitous and broader approach.
Mencius began to travel to the princes only after he became a monk, mainly from 340 BC to 320 BC. Wei clearly recorded that Mencius arrived in Wei in 336 BC and revived Jixia Xuegong around 320 BC. The book Mencius recorded the dialogue between Mencius and these two men, probably not out of this period. At that time, Mencius had a unique style. I think Mencius's "Dao is Tong" has such a meaning, that is, a person has lofty aspirations since childhood, received a good family education, infiltrated into the rich Confucian atmosphere in Shandong, can study hard and demand himself with "courtesy". At the age of forty, he already has the demeanor of a king. Combined with Mencius' chapter "The Spirit of Awesome", we can get a glimpse of what this "Tao" says. Confucius said, "I am ... forty without being confused." By the time Mencius was forty years old, he already had a considerable understanding of life in the universe, and his wisdom had reached a high level. He can have a clear understanding of the right and wrong of things, and he is not confused for minutes. This accomplishment allows him to despise them in front of princes and ministers, and to follow them a thousand times behind without feeling much. There really is a "Shun" rice like grass, if it will last a lifetime; As the son of heaven, standing in clothes, playing drums and playing the piano, there are two women's fruits, if born, full of verve.
At that time, the State of Qin used Shang Yang, the State of Chu and Wei used Wuqi, and Sun Tzu and Tian Ji used it together. The way of the world is to combine and balance, and to attack and cut is to be virtuous. But the virtue of Tang Yu's three generations, so what he did was different. Retreat and Zhang Wan's disciples wrote preface poems, stated Zhong Ni's meaning, and wrote seven pieces of Mencius. Zhao said, "There are 261 chapters and 34,685 words. Zi Han said, "Monk didn't write his own book. I didn't. His disciples Zhang Wan and Gongsun made faces and remembered what I said. "Foolish press: two words are different, and history is close. )
Just as today's economy and commerce attract people's attention. With Mencius' temper, the princes really didn't need him, so he stayed. How can he bow to others? After Mencius retired to write a book, he would not lobby the princes, because the war became more and more fierce after Mencius.
Yao is the successor of Shun, Shun is the successor of Yu, Yu is the successor of Tang, and Tang is the successor of Wen, Wu and Wen, Wu, and his death is unknown. Xun and Yang are also selective but not refined, vague but not detailed. " (Cheng Zi said, "Zi Han's words, if not written by predecessors, must be read. I don't know what I'm talking about without looking. 」)
Anyone who reads China's books is not only literal and literal, but also does not discuss political science, economics, culturology and other professional knowledge. There is always a spirit in it. Some people read an article and know that it is from Han Dynasty and Wei and Jin Dynasties. Can this be said? The so-called "writing carries the Tao", "forgetting words with pride", being a man and studying have all reached a certain level, just like knowing how to understand a cow. Don't read a book, don't bother to think about it, just turn around in your mind and you will have the answer. Han Yu is very much like Mencius. The so-called "must see" means that Han Yu saw Yao's consistent spirit towards Mencius. This is beyond words. In my opinion, Han Yu's second opinion, like Mencius' "Tao is interlinked", is wonderful.
2020.4.2
Attachment: Biography of Women, the mother of Zou;
Zou is also a mother. No Meng Mu. Its house is near the grave. There are very few Mencius, and wandering is a matter between tombs, so he took the initiative to bury them. Meng Mu said, "This is not where I live." Is to go to Sheshi. Its frolicking is something that Jia people dazzle and sell. Meng Mu added, "That's not why I live in a house." Move to the school palace. Its frolicking is to advance and retreat the cowpea. Meng Mu said, "You can really live in my son." Live there. Meng Zichang, who studied six arts, died in the name of a great scholar. This gentleman says that Meng Mu is good at gradual change. A poem said, "How can you give it to a person who is still a child?" This is also called. Mencius was rare, but he returned to China after his studies. Meng Mu succeeded and asked, "Where did you learn?" Mencius said, "I am self-nature." Meng Mu interrupted his knitting with a knife. Mencius was afraid and asked him why. Meng Mu said, "If my son gives up his studies, I will stop weaving. A gentleman who is good at learning is an official, and he knows a lot when he asks. He was peaceful when he was alive, but he was far away from harm when he moved. Waste is inevitable today, but it is also inevitable to stay away from disaster. Why do you want to eat something different from the knitting results, and waste the middle way without doing it? It is better to dress up its owner, but there is no shortage of food! Women waste what they eat, men degenerate and practice, and they are enslaved if they don't steal. " Mencius was afraid, studied hard all day, learned from others, and became a world-famous Confucian. This gentleman says that Meng Mu knows how to be a mother. As the poem says, "Why tell him?" This is also called. After Mencius got married, he would enter the private house, and his wife was naked. Mencius was very unhappy, so he could not enter. The woman bid farewell to Meng Mu and begged to leave, saying, "I've heard the way of husband and wife, but my private room is not thoughtful. Today, my concubine was secretly left in the room, but the master was furious when he saw my concubine. She was a guest concubine. Female righteousness can't build a guest house. Please go back to your parents. So Meng Mu called Mencius and said, "A husband's gift will serve as a guide, so I paid tribute to him. If you go to class, your voice will be heard, so don't be rude. I saw it when I entered the house, afraid of seeing others. It is not an exaggeration to accuse others of not being polite! " Mencius thanked him and left his wife. The gentleman said that Meng Mu was polite, but he knew better than his aunt. Mencius was harmonious but different, but worried. When Meng Mu saw it, he said, "If you are worried, why not?" Mencius said, "Not sensitive. "Another day in a secluded place, sigh when holding a hoe. When Meng Mu saw it, he said, "When I saw my son in the countryside, I was worried. I said no, and now I sigh with a hoe. Why? Mencius said to him, "I heard that a gentleman is in place with self-respect, and he doesn't reward for what he gets, nor is he greedy for Rong Lu. If the vassals don't listen, they can't reach it. Listen without using, then don't practice. "The way of today is not for the sake of anger, but I am willing to do it while my mother is old, so I am worried." Meng Mu said, "It's just a couple's gift, five meals, wine, raising aunts and uncles, and sewing clothes. So the boudoir has practice, but there is no ambition abroad. Yi said,' feed it halfway, and you will be happy.' The poem says:' nothing more than courtesy, only wine and food.' In other words, women are not good at making rules, but they have three ways to go. Therefore, when you are young, you should follow your parents, when you get married, you should follow your husband, and when your husband dies, you should follow your children and be polite. I am an adult now, but I am old. My son's behavior is related to his righteousness, and my behavior is related to my courtesy. "The gentleman said Meng Mu know women. There is a cloud in the poem: "bandits are angry and teach." "This is also called.
Praise: The mother of Mencius, who educates others and chooses art as a virgin, makes her son unable to learn great ethics, and shows how to break the machine and make it virtuous, which is the highest in the world.