The titles and classifications of historians in different dynasties are different, but they can be mainly classified into two categories: record and compilation.
When historians first appeared, they developed for a long time, and there was little difference between them. Later, Zhu Zhu historians and historians of historical museums who were responsible for records evolved. The former accompanied the emperor and recorded the words and deeds of the emperor and the gains and losses of government affairs. The emperor could not understand these records, while the latter compiled the official history of the previous dynasty.
Historian history
In the history of China, it is a long-standing system and tradition to set up historians to record the major policies of the country and the words and deeds of the emperor.
In the state institution of slavery in Xia Dynasty, there was a historian.
"Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" records that there is no way to be dissolute, and the Taishi finally orders him to remonstrate. If it is invalid, he will abandon it and start business.
During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, there were words such as "record", "history" and "yin" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
"Shuo Wen Jie Zi": "History is also recorded, and it is given at the time." That is, the original meaning of history refers to the official who made records in ancient times, that is, the historian.
Jin Wen has the records of "writing history in books" and "writing Yin Shu".
According to Wang Guowei's textual research in Guanlin, "Zuo Ban" and "Neishi" belong to the same official position, and their officials are called "Yin". They are both historians in charge of literature and recording current events.
Li Zhou Guan Chun records that there are five histories of the Zhou royal family.
(1) Dashi has a high status.
The new king ascended the throne, and the princes attended the life planning ceremony.
Wang is a national event and sometimes visits Maharashtra.
For example, "Mandarin"
Now, Xu Chen said, "Visit Xin and Yin (Xin Jia and Zhou Dashi)." Sometimes princes also ordered hundreds of officials to warn the king of his shortcomings. For example, Zuo Zhuan's four-year tribute: "Jiang Wei said: Last week, a prince of the Xin family ordered 100 officials to praise Wang Que." In addition, princes also record current events and keep documents.
(2) The miniature history ranks lower. Jin Yufu said that ancient history books generally called it "history".
"Zhou Li" says: "Use courtesy to state affairs, assist history and take care of its trivial matters."
(3) Literature and history rank highest.
Zhou Li said that literature and history were in charge of princes and lonely doctors, and the life of kings.
For example, Zuo Zhuan has been published for 28 years: "In the life of the king, Shi Shuxing's father decided to call Jin Hou Hou Hou Hou Bo." Sometimes, at the order of the king, civil history was sent to the vassal States. "Zuo Zhuan" was published for sixteen years: "Poetry and calligraphy flourished in the Song Dynasty."
(4) The rank of outsiders is low. According to Zhou Li, his position is "in charge of the ambition of the Quartet, the book of three emperors and five emperors"
(5) Suggestions and history rank low, and the other post is history.
His position is in charge of books, etc.
In the Spring and Autumn Period, there were historians such as grand history, mini-history, internal history, foreign history, left history and right history.
"The grand history governs the six national codes, the minor history governs the ambition of the country, the internal history governs the life of the king, and the external history governs the book, making it almost everywhere." (Liu Zhiji: Shi Tongguan Stone Slips).
"The Book of Rites Jade Algae" says "Keep the history books, and put it right".
It can be seen that the division of labor and responsibilities of historians is very detailed and clear.
After the Qin and Han Dynasties, historians had many names and different positions, but their settings remained.
Qin belongs to Taishi Order, and Han belongs to Taishi Gong. Taishigong is responsible for the duties of historians, and the daily work is undertaken by history books.
In the Tang dynasty, there were living lang, as well as Lan Tai Ling, Zhu Xia Ling, Zhu Zuo Lang, Zuo You Ling and so on. Historians have lived through the ages.
Liu Zhiji's Shi Tong in Tang Dynasty recorded the origin and evolution of the ancient historiographer system in detail.
He believes that the use of history is a major event that "remembers the merits and demerits, promotes the good and avoids the evil, gains and losses once, and honors the Millennium".
Without historians, there is no distinction between good and evil, between right and wrong, and between merits and demerits. The result is that "the grave is not dry, and the beauty is ruined forever."
Therefore, he said: "If there are many historians and bamboo and silk will last forever, people will die and be empty. If things exist, they will be as beautiful as stars."
Scholars who used it to make them sit in bags, but God made friends with them forever; Stay indoors, but look forward to the Millennium.
Meet Si Qi, meet Si Qi.
If it's the Spring and Autumn Period, the rebellious son is afraid, Nan Shi will come and the book will be stolen.
His notes are the same, and so is his exhortation to good and punishment to evil.
As far as Sri Lanka is concerned, it is very beneficial to use history.
This is an urgent task for strangers and an important road for the country.
There are state-owned families, all of which are indispensable! "In fact, emperors of past dynasties also know how to make history work.
However, they set up historians, followed the Spring and Autumn tradition of "a monarch must write a book", and did not consider the issue of promoting good and eliminating evil. Their purpose was only to erect a monument for themselves and make it immortal.
Biography of Meng Changjun in Historical Records says: "Meng Changjun is a guest, but there is always a history behind the screen, and he remembers the words of the monarch and the guest."
"Shi Shiji? Future generations are unknown.
Probably describing his kindness of "being hospitable and complacent", Shi will never let him describe the crime of killing hundreds of people just because Zhao disappeared and laughed at him as a "terrible little doctor" when passing by Zhao.
Emperors of all ages were very careful about the words recorded by historians.
As for "a monarch must write a book", it is selective and conditional.
If you have made achievements and done good deeds, you certainly need to write a big book.
Even if there is no merit or good deeds, we should make something up to go down in history; Or "the beauty of a dummy is for personal gain"; Or reverse black and white and turn bad things into good things.
In short, "I regard myself as good, and I learn from my shortcomings", "I don't know laymen, but I cover up evil and promote good" (Liu Zhiji: Shi Tong), and whatever is beneficial to me, "I will write" undoubtedly; Anything that is bad for you is invisible in the history books.
The emperor will do some bad things more or less. Those thieves, ministers and adulterers do more bad things, but they are absolutely not allowed to go down in history and be passed down to future generations.
As the saying goes, "dirty deeds can be seen once, and they are notorious for a thousand years". Which emperor in history is willing to record his "dirty deeds"? The so-called "you must write a book when you raise it" is just a lie.
Only when the ancient history books are the secretary of the imperial court and are in the charge of Taishi, historians have the privilege of recording, and the emperor can't read the records of historians.
Historians take the attitude that "a monarch must write a book and make a statement" quite seriously.
Historians in ancient China had a fine tradition of "following the text directly", especially Sima Qian, a special historian, which became the product and virtue of later historians.
They all know that "history is the service, advice is the tree's words", "The so-called straight author does not hide evil, and it is not empty beauty. Books are beneficial to praise and criticism, and books are harmless to exhortation" (Liu Zhiji: Shi Tong).
Therefore, the words and deeds of the emperor should be recorded at any time, no matter whether you "lift" it correctly or not, you should "write it straight".
Even if you are afraid of putting a butcher knife around your neck, tell the truth and don't tell lies.
"It's better to destroy jade for orchid than for capacity", and never "Ai Lan is mixed, Zhu Xi is hard to distinguish".
Emperor and historian, one should "claim to be my strong point", "suppress evil and promote good", and the other should "write a portrait without covering up its shortcomings"; One is to whitewash the mistakes, and the other is to "draw inferences from one instance"; One wants to erect a monument for himself, and the other wants to "exhort" future generations.
The two purposes and standards are diametrically opposed, forming a sharp contradiction and contest between the two forces.
As a result of the contest, power often overwhelms the truth, and a butcher knife is better than a pen.
Under the feudal monarchy, historians suffered many hardships, which is the reason.
The record of daily life is the strict control and record of the emperor's words and deeds by historians, which existed as early as the Zhou Dynasty and is called "internal history".
After Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui, Tang and Song Dynasties ... but it never failed, and the emperor did not completely intervene, but this trend was broken by Li Shimin.
Since then, since the Tang Dynasty, it is not uncommon for emperors to read books, but it gradually made history develop in a distorted direction.
Famous historian
Sima Qian, compiling historical records
Ban Gu, compiling Han Shu
Chen shou, compiling the annals of the three kingdoms