The Mongolian army (including Semu troops) is dominated by cavalry. Most of the Han army and the new attached army are infantry units, and some cavalry equipment is also available. The water army consists of thousands of households and thousands of households. The artillery company is composed of gunners and gun makers, with 10,000 rooms for gunners, 1,000 rooms for gunners and a general room for gunners. Some of them worked for pro-Wei Jun, and they also set up a thousand crossbow troops to guard the archers in the army.
According to different tasks, the army is divided into two systems: policing and garrison. Su Wei is divided into the "Xue-fearing" army under the direct jurisdiction of the emperor and the bodyguard pro-army under the command of the Privy Council. Usually, he mainly guarded the imperial court and both capital city, and also went to Beijing for conquest in wartime; The town guards the army and is stationed in key areas of the country. The northern part is the key garrison area of Mongolian army and Tancho army. South of Huaihe River is mainly garrisoned by Han army and new attached army, and some Mongolian army and Tanmachi army are deployed. The border areas are guarded by the headquarters of the Mongolian royal family and the indigenous tribal forces who have been fenced off or left the town.
The army in the Mongolian period was mainly divided into Mongolian army and Han army.
Mongolian army
The Mongolian army is mainly composed of Mongolians from all over the grassland. "The law is that there are men at home, fifteen or more and seventy or less, and there is no shortage of people." According to the decimal system, it consists of 10 households, 100 households and 1000 households. "When you get on the horse, you are ready to fight. When you get off the horse, you will gather for grazing." Thousands of households are the basic military units. Children under the age of 15 are organized into "gradually ding army", which is called "afraid of being trapped" in Mongolian as the reserve force of Mongolian army. Ding Zhuang, one of the nationalities who were surrendered and plundered by Mongolian rulers in the war, was also incorporated into the Mongolian army.
Mongolian troops are usually stationed in grasslands to graze, and they are temporarily called up in wartime. With the development of the war, the rulers needed a Mongolian army to be stationed in the conquered areas for a long time, so they "sent" some soldiers from various Mongolian ministries to form a special expedition to Ma Hongjun for urban defense. After being sent to the town, the officers and men of the Red Army for exploring horses still kept close contact with the Mongolian headquarters, so they still belonged to the Mongolian army system in terms of system.
In order to effectively control the newly unified Mongolian ministries and ensure the security of the Mongolian Khan court, Genghis Khan recruited 10,000 elite soldiers from various Mongolian ministries as Khan's standing guard, which is called "fear of learning". Fear of Xue consists of thousands of households in Suwei, thousands of households in archery and 8,000 households in scattered classes. Responsible for guarding Khan and managing the daily affairs of Khan's court. Cigars are divided into four categories. Each class is led by Boroqul, Bolshoy, Muqali, Chi Laowen or their successors as cigar captains, and the "good or bad cigars" (guards) are stationed in Weihanting, changing every three days, which is called "Four Cigar Fan Wei". In the war, fear of learning is the backbone of the whole army, and it is called "Yeke Huole" (Dazhong Army).
Jun Han
The Han army is the general name of the Central Plains armies belonging to the Mongolian regime, including various armies of the Jin Dynasty, local armed forces in all parts of the Central Plains and the troops that surrendered to Mongolia in the early Southern Song Dynasty. After Wokuotai ascended the throne, he sent troops on a large scale in the Central Plains to supplement the Han army, so there was a distinction between the "old army" and the "new army". The old army mainly refers to the whole army and local armed forces, while the new army refers to soldiers from the Central Plains.
The establishment of the Han army was chaotic at first. In the first year of Emperor Taizong's reign (1229), "there were 30,000 households and 36,000 households in charge of the soldiers in the world", and the establishment and titles of the Mongolian army followed the Han army system. Thousands of Han troops ranged from 50,000 to 60,000 to 20,000 to 30,000. The Han army also played an important role in the war launched by Mongolian rulers.
After Kublai Khan ascended the throne, the ruling center of the Mongolian regime moved from Mobei grassland to the Han area in the Central Plains. In order to meet the needs of the new situation, Kublai Khan reformed the organizational system of the army, gradually built two major systems, namely, the Central Guard and the local town garrison, and determined the establishment and subordinate relationship of the Yuan Army.
The emperor's guards
The imperial army consists of the original timid and newly-built imperial army and pro-army.
Kublai Khan inherited the system of fearing learning and staying in the guard during the first four Khan periods in Mongolia, and the fourth fear of learning was still dominated by the descendants of several heroes. Because of the favorable political life conditions, many people tried their best to "fill in" the fear of studying, and soon exceeded the original rated upper limit of 10 thousand people. The imperial court often had to order the guards to "sand out", first of all to relieve the fear of learning from Han Chinese and southerners, but the effect was not great. In the third year of Wenzong (1332), the number of people stationed in the garrison decreased from 15000 to 13600, which is actually a confirmation of excessive phobia.
The bodyguard pro-military organization was founded in the first year of China's reunification (1260). It was the central army formed by Kublai Khan after imitating the imperial system of the Central Plains Dynasty. The first guard organization, called Wu Weijun, had about 30,000 soldiers from every Han army in the Central Plains. In the first year of Yuan Dynasty (1264), Wu Weijun was renamed the bodyguard pro-army, divided into two wings. In the last eight years of Yuan Dynasty, the left-right guard was changed to the left, right and centre-back. Sixteen years after the Yuan Dynasty, the guards were classified according to different nationalities. The original three guards were expanded to front, back, left, right and middle five guards, with the Han army as the main body, which was called Han Wei. Later, Wu Wei (1280), Hu Benwei (1297), Datong Guard (1308, later changed to Zhong Yi Guard) and Haikou Guard (1309) were added one after another. At the same time, Tang Wuwei (128 1) and Qin Chawei (1286) were formed one after another by combining brave men from all over the world into pro-army guards (Preface to Military System). 1322 points left and right), Guichi Wei (1287), Xiyuwei (1295), Kangliwei (1308). 13 1 1 year), Zuo you Asuwei (1309), Long Zhenwei (13 12), Long Yiwei (1328). Mongolian guards (1280, 1303 or so) and those living in Ren Wei (1322) were established one after another. In addition, there are Zuo Duwei (East Palace Guard was established in 1279, and later changed to Long Fu Palace Zuo Duwei in 1294), Right Duwei (Dongguan Mongolian Guard was established in 1285, and later changed to Long Fu Palace Right Duwei in 1294) and Left Duwei. By the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the total number of pro-Wei Jun people was between 200,000 and 300,000, of which Han soldiers accounted for about two-thirds.
The guards and pro-armies formed by the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty used two different methods. One is that according to military or political needs, the court ordered the selection of elite soldiers from the designated army and concentrated in the capital to form guards and pro-troops; This also includes the establishment of new guards from the original security organization. This method is often used to form Han Guards and Mongolian Guards. The other is that the emperor authorized the minister of meritorious service to recruit relatives or similar people to form a new guard; This method is mostly used to form color eye protection. The former method was obviously influenced by the traditional military system in the Central Plains, where most dynasties chose local troops to defend the capital. The latter way was influenced by the early Mongolian military system, and the guards and pro-armies were organized in the form of thousands of households in Mongolia. Heroes can recruit their own subordinates and carry out management.
Although Xueqiu and the bodyguard pro-army are both central garrison troops, their functions are clearly divided. I am afraid that Xue is responsible for the safety of the emperor and the defense of Miyagi and Miyagi (palace shed), and generally does not go out to fight. Attendants and pro-troops should not only be responsible for the safety of the two capitals of the Yuan Dynasty, but also guard the "belly" area. They are also the standing elite troops used by the imperial court, which are "focused on the heavy and controlled on the light" and can be sent to fight at any time. The affiliation between them is also different. Xue Pan was in charge of Xue Pan and directly obeyed the emperor. The guards are under the command of all the guards. In addition to the East Palace and the harem guards, they all belong to the Privy Council, which is in charge of military and political affairs. The difference in soldier recruitment is also obvious. The members who are afraid of Xue mainly come from Mongolian ministries, and the guards and soldiers who are closely related to the army include the Han army in the Central Plains and the south of the Yangtze River, Ma Hongjun and the newly attached army (the army surrendered in the Southern Song Dynasty), as well as the Semu people who were originally attached to the Mongolian army and the exiled Mongolian children. According to the regulations of the Yuan Dynasty, the Guards and the Pro-Army must be elite soldiers, so the Guards and Pro-Army became the backbone of the Yuan Army, replacing Xue Xue's military position as the "Big Man Army" in the Mongolian period.
In Yuan Dynasty, the local garrison was composed of Mongolian troops stationed on the grassland, Tanma Red Army, Han Army and new attached army stationed in various places.
Generally speaking, the Mongolian army does not leave the grassland, but still maintains a state of gathering in wartime and returning to pasture at ordinary times. Thousands of organizations are also the basic organizational form of the Mongolian army. The Mongolian army in northern Xinjiang played a very important role in the struggle between the Yuan court and the Mongols in Northeast and Northwest China.