1. Detailed explanation of the grammar of classical Chinese in the College Entrance Examination
Judgmental sentences The so-called judgment sentences are sentences that use nouns, pronouns or noun phrases as predicates to judge the subject.
Its common forms are as follows: 1. "...,... also" "...,... also" "...,......" "...,..." ..." "...person,...person", "...,..." "...,...person" and other forms. For example: "A person who is honest and honest is Zhao Zhiliang."
[Exercise 1] List such judgment sentences in the classical Chinese texts we have learned. (The number of sentences is more than 3 sentences) ①Chen Shengzhe is from Yangcheng.
② Xiangjixuan is the son of the old South Pavilion. ③Liu Ziji of Nanyang was a noble scholar.
④Those who are squeaking are like King Zhou Jing’s lack of shooting. ⑤Seven strategies and four libraries, the book of the emperor.
⑥The palace and the mansion are all integrated. ⑦ Liang, my enemy, King Yan, I established.
⑧I hate these three. ⑨ Bribing Qin and losing its strength is the way to destruction.
⑩This is the effect of using troops. 2. Use the adverbs "nai", "that is", "ze", "all", "yes", "sincere", "wei", etc. to express judgment.
For example: "This is the autumn when I serve my fate." [Exercise 1] List such judgment sentences in the classical Chinese texts we have learned.
(The number of sentences is more than 3 sentences) ① If I ask what time it is now, I don’t know if there is a Han Dynasty. ②I don’t know what year it is in the palace in the sky.
③Those who are still in the tomb today. ④The father of Liang is Xiang Yan, the general of Chu.
⑤This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower. ⑥ If you don’t die, you will migrate.
⑦These are all good and honest, with pure intentions and pure intentions. ⑧This is the time when life and death are at stake.
⑨Nowadays, people are just like swordsmen, and I am like fish and meat. ⑩I am a madman from Chu, and the wind sings and laughs at Confucius.
3. Use the negative adverb "non" to express negation. For example: "The six kingdoms were destroyed. It was not the military that was disadvantageous, but the war was not good, and the disadvantage was that it bribed Qin."
[Exercise 1] List such judgment sentences in the classical Chinese texts we have learned. (The number of sentences is more than 3 sentences) ① When you climb high and move, your arms are not lengthened, but the sight is far away.
②The city is not not high, the city is not not deep, and the military grass is not not strong. ③ It’s not like taking Mount Tai to reach the North Sea.
[Edit this paragraph] Passive sentence In classical Chinese, the subject of some sentences is the recipient of the action. This sentence pattern is a passive sentence. The common types are: 1. "See", "...See...Yu" and "Yu" express passiveness.
For example: "I always laugh at generous families." [Exercise 1] List such passive sentences in the classical Chinese texts we have learned.
(The number of sentences is more than 3 sentences) ① I am afraid that I will deceive the king. ② The city of Qin may not be accessible, but it will only be deceived.
③Therefore, he was confused by Zheng Xiu internally and bullied by Zhang Yi externally. ④Zifan Li, seventeen years old, is independent of the times and has learned a lot.
⑤The uncle of the family was poor, so he saw that he was used in Xiaoyi. 2. "Wei" and "wei...su" express passiveness.
For example: "My parents and clan were all killed." ① When he dies and his country is destroyed, the world laughs.
② Those who serve the country will be robbed by those who accumulate prestige. ③For the benefit of others.
④ Fear of being ahead of others. ⑤Afterwards, Chu was cut down by the sun, and within a few decades, it was destroyed by Qin.
[Edit this paragraph] Inverted sentences in classical Chinese are relative to the sentence order of modern Chinese. Based on this, we divide classical Chinese inverted sentences into object-preposed, Attributive postposition, adverbial postposition, subject-predicate inversion, etc. 1. Object preposition The so-called object preposition refers to the component that is usually used as an object and is placed in front of the predicate verb to show emphasis.
For example: "Zhi" in "Jie Bu Zhi Xin" is the prepositioned object. Object preposition is usually divided into four situations.
(1) In interrogative sentences, the interrogative pronoun serves as the object, and the object is placed in front. For example: "Why is the king coming?" (2) In a negative sentence, the pronoun serves as the object, and the object is placed in front.
For example: "The ancients did not deceive anyone." (3) Use "zhi" and "shi" to advance the object.
For example: "I don't know how to read a sentence, and I can't understand the confusion." "I am eager to learn diligently, but I don't know much about it."
(4) The object in the introductory phrase Front. For example: "Otherwise, why come to this?" 2. Attributive postposition Usually the attributive should be placed in front of the central word, but there are many sentences in classical Chinese sentences that place the attributive after the central word.
For example: "An earthworm has no sharp claws and teeth, but no strong muscles and bones. It eats earth and drinks from the underworld. It has the same intention." The "profit" and "strong" are all postpositioned attributives.
There are the following situations in which attributive postpositions are found in classical Chinese. (1) Use "Zhi" to postposition the attributive.
For example: "How many people are there in the vast world?" (2) Use the postposition of "人". For example: "A horse that travels a thousand miles can eat one grain or one stone in one meal."
3. Postposition of adverbials In classical Chinese, adverbials with a prepositional structure are often placed at the end of the sentence as a complement. For example: "The poor said to the rich" and "To the rich" are prepositional phrases placed at the end of the sentence as complements.
4. Subject-verb inversion is rare and is often used to express strong exclamations. For example: "It's very, very unfair to you."
"It's beautiful, my young China." [Small exercise] Determine the sentence structure in the following sentences.
① To protect the people and become king, no one can control it. ②The king is no different from the people who love the king.
③How can you be a king if you are virtuous? ④How do you know I can do it? ⑤What’s more, the black gauze is horizontal and the soap official is vulgar! ⑥ I want to worship Dukes Wei Suzhou and Bai Letian among them. ⑦ Therefore, if you are a fool, don't be like me. ⑧Those who cannot educate their children do not want to fall into their sins.
5. Postposition of introductory object phrases In modern Chinese, intermediary object phrases are often placed before the predicate as adverbials, but in classical Chinese, they are often placed after the predicate as complements. For example: ①This is called victory over the imperial court.
("Zou Ji satirizes the King of Qi for accepting advice") ②Green, taken from blue, and green from blue. (Xunzi's "Encouragement to Learning") ③The general fights in Hebei, and the minister fights in Henan.
("Hongmen Banquet") ④ Decorated with seal script in the form of turtles, birds and beasts. "The Biography of Zhang Heng" [Edit this paragraph] Omitted Sentences In classical Chinese, there are commonly omitted components. Grasping the omitted components will help to fully understand the meaning of the sentence.
Omitted sentences in classical Chinese usually include: 1. Omitting the subject. (1) Inherit the former province.
For example: "The wild snakes in Yongzhou have black substance and white seals." (2) Chenghou Province (also called Menghou Province).
For example: "Pei Gong said to Zhang Liang: '(Gong) sent me to the army, and he entered.'" (3) Self-reported province.
For example: "(Giving) love is like a stream, (Giving) the one who gets it is the best." (4) Dialogue province.
For example: "(Mencius) said: 'To be happy alone, to be happy with others, which one is happy?' (Wang) said: 'Not as good as to be with others.'" 2. Omit the predicate.
For example: "One drum will make the energy strong, then (drum) will fade away, and three (drums) will be exhausted." 3. Omit the object.
For example: "It can be burned and walked away." 4. Omit the preposition object.
For example: "After the public reading, the mink will be reborn to hide the house." 5. Omit the preposition "yu".
For example: "Now the bell chime is placed (in) the water, although the wind and waves are strong, it cannot make any sound." [Small exercise] Supplement the omitted elements in the following sentences.
①Ran.