Elam and Miti period (2700-550 BC) Elam and Miti were not called Persia by the Greeks, but they were an indispensable part of Persian history. The Medes, who belong to the Indo-European language family with the Persians, settled in the northwest of the Iranian plateau. Persians and Medes came to the Iranian plateau together. They settled in the southwest of the Iranian plateau near the Persian Gulf. There are ten tribes in Persia, six of which are engaged in agriculture and four in animal husbandry. Before its rise, it surrendered to the kingdom of Miti. The Medes once surrendered to the Assyrian Empire. Elam is one of the oldest cultures in Persia. It is located in the southwest of Iran today and was founded on the east bank of the Tigris River 3000 BC. They have a close relationship with the Dalai Lama and are known as people who are good at fighting. During the period from 2700 BC to 600 BC, it was repeatedly destroyed and revived, and was finally destroyed by Assyria in 639 BC.
According to Herodotus' history, among the peoples under Assyrian rule, the Medes were the first to rise up against Assyrian rule. In 672 BC, it won its independence and established its own country, the kingdom of Medes, with Platthana as its capital. In his works, the formation of the Medes country is the product of social contract. However, as can be seen from his narration, the Medea country is actually still the product of class contradictions and ethnic contradictions. The kingship is formed by resolving disputes (that is, class contradictions). With the formation of kingship, violent machines (army, court) and state organs divorced from the people have been formed. The kingdom of Medea is stronger than in the past, ruling a vast area of the Iranian plateau (including Medea, Persia, Parthia and other places) and parts of Asia. In the late 7th century BC, it formed an alliance with the New Kingdom of Babylon, wiped out the Assyrian Empire and carved up the western half of the Assyrian Empire. It also competed with Lydia Kingdom in Asia for sovereignty over Anatolia, and finally the two sides concluded a peace treaty.
In 558 BC, Cyrus II, born in Ahmenid clan, became king in Persia (reigned in 558-530 BC) and was the capital of Persepolis. In 553 BC, Cyrus II sent troops against the rule of the Medes, and in 550 BC he replaced the rule of the Medes over Persia. Elam, Pattaya, Kilkania, Armenia, etc. Between 549 and 548 BC, the Persians who were originally ruled by the Medes also surrendered to Persia. Conquering the Medes not only expanded the scope of Persia's rule and strengthened its strength, but also made Persia, which was previously unknown to the world, leap onto the broad stage of world history.
Achemani Dynasty (550-334 BC). In 559 BC, cyrus the great unified the ancient Persian tribes and established Achemani Dynasty. Cyrus the great defeated the kingdom of Medea, which ruled Persia at that time, from 553 BC to 550 BC, making Persia a powerful monarchy. In 547 BC, cyrus the great invaded and conquered the kingdom of Lydia in the west of Asia Minor at that time, which made the Achaemenid dynasty rise. In 546-540 BC, cyrus the great invaded and conquered Pattaya, Alia, Bactria, Dragija, Gedrosia and Allah.
In 539 BC, cyrus the great invaded and conquered Babylon, the capital of the new kingdom of Babylon in Mesopotamia, but unfortunately died in 529 in the battle of Massagetai in the middle reaches of the Syr Darya River between the Syr Darya River and the Amu Darya River. When Ju Lushi died, the eastern and northeastern borders of the Persian Empire included Bactria (known as "Daxia" and "Tuhoro" in China's history books) and the Khorezm on both sides of the Amu Darya, ruled by Ju Lushi's brother Baldia. After Ju Lushi's son succeeded to the throne, he inherited his father's ambition and continued to expand. After that, the Persian emperor launched the conquest of the eastern Serbs many times, pushing the border across the Amu Darya River and reaching the banks of the Syr Darya River. The Persian Empire divided its territory into 20 counties, and each county paid a certain amount of tribute to the central government every year, of which 7 counties were in Central Asia: for example, the seventh province governed the Gandhara region south of Hindu Kush Mountain, the 12 province governed Daxia, and the 16 province governed Pataia, Khorezmo and Sog Di Anna. The easternmost stronghold of the Persian Empire is in Fergana Valley in Central Asia, adjacent to China and Xinjiang. The Persians established the city of Ju Lushi at the western end of the basin.
In the era of Cambyses Ⅱ (529-522 BC), the new kingdom of ancient Egypt was finally conquered in 525 BC. During the period of Darius I, the imperial territory was developed unprecedentedly. In 52 1 year, Darius invaded the Indus plain in the east and was brought under the rule of Ahmenid dynasty. In the west, he sent troops to the Danube Delta, Thrace, the Kingdom of Macedonia and ancient Greece, but he was defeated in the marathon (490 BC) (499-449 BC Greek-Persian War). His son Xerxes I later fought against the Greeks again (480 BC), but unfortunately he didn't finish all the work in the end. The Achaemenid dynasty in ancient Persia was the largest empire in the world at that time, and it was also the first empire across Asia, Europe and Africa.
In 525 BC, Cambyses Ⅱ sent troops to Egypt and captured the king of Egypt. The Persians established the 27th dynasty in Egypt. Because of Cambyses Ⅱ's expedition to Libya and Nubia, an uprising broke out in Egypt at the end of 524 BC, and Cambyses Ⅱ returned to Memphis to suppress the uprising. Because Cambyses Ⅱ insulted Egyptian religion in Egypt and killed his own queen and younger brother, Smedes, people's resentment boiled (modern psychologists think that Cambyses Ⅱ has serious paranoia and mania). In 522 BC, Gomeida riots broke out in Persia, and Cambyses Ⅱ died on his way back to Persia.
According to the inscription in Bethesda, Darius I, riots broke out in Egypt, Medes and Persians due to the tyranny of Cambyses Ⅱ. In March 522 BC, in the Kadri Mountain area of Shad, Pilawa, Persia, the rebels revolted under the banner of Cambyses Ⅱ's younger brother Baldia (Herodotus thought it was under the banner of Smerdis). Gomeda established himself as king and announced that all Persians, Medes, Egyptians and others were exempted from taxes, money, food and military service. In July 522, seven Persian nobles, including Darius, murdered Gomeida and suppressed the uprising. Since then, Darius has ascended the throne, known as Darius I.
After Darius came to power, because people from all over the world rebelled against his rule, Darius began to carry out some reforms, which was called Darius reform in history.
5 17 years ago, after Darius made an expedition to India, he occupied the Indus Valley. During 5 15- 5 13, he made another expedition to the Balkans, but failed. At the same time, conquer Thrace and force Macedonia to submit. Darius tried to occupy the Greek region, but failed. During his reign, his son Xerxes I dispatched troops to attack Greece again, but was defeated in the battle of Wenquanguan, and the navy was wiped out.
The Sino-Persian War consumed the national strength of the Persian Empire. In 404- 343 BC, Egypt was once independent, which shook the rule of the Persian Empire. At the end of the 5th century, there was a court struggle between Kurus and Artaxerxes II in the Persian court, which later turned into a civil war. 357 years ago, Atta Xue Xisi III, who tried to revive the Persian Empire, was murdered by court doctors.
Before 337, the family of Alexis, son of Atta Xue Xisi III, was also murdered. The mediocre Armenian governor was declared king by everyone. History is called Darius Iii. During the reign of Darius Iii, local governors paid more attention to their troops, and the contradiction between the central and local governments became more and more serious. 334 years ago, Alexander the Great of Macedonia attacked the Persian Empire. In the battles of Kunis River, Isus and Goga Milla, the Persian army suffered a crushing defeat. When Darius Iii fled to Bactria, he was killed by the local governor, and the Achemani dynasty in Persia perished.