1 Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering
The basic concept of 1. 1
Materials: Materials used by human beings to manufacture articles, devices, parts, machines and other products for daily life and production.
Materials are substances, but not all substances can be called materials, such as fuels, chemical raw materials, industrial chemicals, food and medicines, which are generally not considered materials.
Materials are the symbol of the level of scientific and technological development and the level of national modernization.
Material science, energy science and information science are the three pillars of modern science and technology.
New materials, information and biotechnology are the main signs of the new technological revolution. Based on crystallography, solid state physics, thermodynamics and dynamics, metallurgy and chemical engineering, materials science explores the inherent laws and applications of materials. Material engineering or technology is a science that applies known laws and theories in terms of composition, structure and performance according to the properties required in material application. To the specific application in engineering.
Materials science and technology is a subject that studies and applies the relationship between the composition, organization, structure and preparation technology of materials and their properties and uses.
1.2 material classification
(1) can be divided into inorganic nonmetallic materials, organic polymers, metals and alloys, metallic materials and composite materials according to their composition, microstructure and properties.
(2) According to the nature and use of materials: ① structural materials. The mechanical properties such as strength and hardness determined by its structural characteristics can meet the needs of engineering structures, and are mainly used in a class of materials in engineering technology. Include metal materials, ceramic materials, polymer materials and composite materials. ② Functional materials. New materials with special electrical, magnetic, optical, acoustic, thermal, mechanical, chemical and biological functions; It is an important basic material for information technology, biotechnology, energy technology and other high-tech fields and national defense construction; At the same time, it plays an important role in transforming some traditional industries, such as agriculture, chemical industry and building materials. In the field of global new materials, functional materials account for about 85%. Special functional materials play an important role in promoting and supporting the development of high technology. They are key materials in high-tech fields such as biology, energy, environmental protection and aerospace in the new century. They have become the focus of the development of new materials and the strategic competition of high-tech development in various countries. Functional materials are classified into microelectronic materials, photoelectric materials, sensor materials, information materials, biomedical materials, eco-environmental materials, energy materials and intelligent materials according to their properties.
(3) Nano-materials: refers to atomic clusters, nano-particles, nano-films, carbon nanotubes and nano-solid materials. Atomic cluster: It contains several to hundreds of atoms or particles with the size less than 1nm, and is an atomic aggregate between atoms and solids. Nanoparticles: The size is larger than atomic clusters and smaller than ordinary particles, and the general size is 1 ~ 100 nm. Nano-film: refers to a film containing nano-particles and atomic clusters, a film with nano-size thickness, a nano-second phase particle deposition coating, a nano-particle composite coating or a multi-layer film. It has quasi-three-dimensional structure and characteristics, and its performance is abnormal. Nano-solid: At the nano-scale level, atoms are arranged at the core of defects such as grain boundaries, phase boundaries or dislocations to obtain a solid with new atomic structure or microstructure properties. Nanocrystalline materials (with a high density of defect nuclei, with more than 50% atoms in the defect nuclei), nanostructured materials (composed of many defect core regions separated by elastically twisted crystal regions), and nanocomposites (O-O recombination: recombination of different kinds of nanoparticles; O-2 composite: nanoparticles dispersed in two-dimensional thin film materials; O-3 composite: nanoparticles dispersed in three-dimensional solid). The basic properties of nanoparticles: electronic energy level discontinuity (quasi-continuous energy level discretization), quantum size effect, small size effect, surface effect and macroscopic quantum tunneling effect. Due to the special properties of nanoparticles, nanomaterials have a series of special properties.
(4) Porous material: It has high specific surface area, high adsorption, ion exchange and other properties. Widely used in adsorption, separation, catalysis, nanotechnology, molecular recognition, petrochemical, fine chemical and molecular electronic devices and other fields. According to the classification scheme of the International Society of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), porous materials can be divided into microporous materials (D < 2 nm), mesoporous materials (2 nm < D < 50 nm) and macroporous materials (D > 50 nm) according to the pore size.
(5) Four elements of material research: property and performance, composition, structure and synthesis, and technology.
2 Introduction to Mineral Materials Science
2. 1 Basic concepts
Mineral materials: natural minerals or rocks are used as the main raw materials, which are processed and transformed to obtain materials that are not aimed at purifying metals and chemical raw materials, or minerals or rocks whose physical and chemical properties can be directly applied. Mineral materials science: it is a comprehensive frontier subject that studies the composition, structure, performance, processing and preparation technology of mineral materials, their relationship and engineering application technology.
2.2 Research content of mineral materials science
Basic theoretical research: the relationship between the properties of mineral materials and their mineral components, amorphous components, chemical components, trace elements and other material components; The relationship between the properties of mineral materials and their crystal structure, crystal chemistry, polymorphism, crystallinity and order, as well as rock structure and structure; The relationship between the properties of mineral materials and their grain boundaries, surfaces and particle sizes; The relationship between the properties of mineral materials and the types of raw materials used, the types of ores and the origin of raw materials; The relationship between the properties of mineral materials and their processing conditions such as processing temperature, pressure, atmosphere, mineralizer, binder, emulsifier and coupling agent; Wait a minute.
Research on production technology and application: engineering and technical problems such as production process route, technology, equipment and optimal formula of mineral materials, as well as application fields, applicable conditions and preservation methods of mineral materials.
2.3 Classification of mineral materials
According to the composition, structure and properties of mineral materials (unitary system, binary system ...);
According to the use of mineral materials (ceramics, glass, refractories ...);
According to the state of mineral materials (single crystal, polycrystalline, amorphous, composite, dispersed);
According to the characteristics of processing technology: natural mineral materials, deep processing mineral materials, composite and synthetic mineral materials;
Comprehensive classification: fused slurry materials (fused injection crystals, glass frit fibers, etc. ), sintered materials (refractories, ceramics, etc. ), thermal insulation materials, cementing materials, other materials (building stone, powder materials, etc. );
Suggested classification scheme (according to material properties and uses): structural mineral materials (stone, structural ceramics, mineral reinforced polymer composites, etc. ) and functional mineral materials (environmental mineral materials, nano-mineral materials, biomedical mineral materials, special functional mineral materials, etc. ).
2.4 the significance of mineral materials research
Non-metallic minerals occupy a very important position in the national economy and are used in almost all fields of the national economy. With the continuous development of science and technology, the application fields of non-metallic minerals are still expanding. In economically developed countries, the total output value of non-metallic minerals is greater than that of metallic minerals, so some scholars regard whether the value of non-metallic minerals is greater than that of metallic minerals as a sign to measure whether a country has reached an industrialized country, and predict that 2 1 century will enter the "Neolithic Age". The development and application of nonmetallic minerals lies not only in mastering nonmetallic mineral resources, but also in mastering the advanced technology of nonmetallic mineral development and application. China is rich in nonmetallic mineral resources, with 87 proven reserves and more than 6,000 producing areas. However, due to the backward development and application technology of nonmetallic minerals in China, most nonmetallic minerals are rough processed products, so the total output value is very low.
Carrying out and strengthening scientific research on mineral materials is of great significance to improving the utilization level of non-metallic mineral resources in China, improving people's quality of life and promoting economic and social development.
3 Research Status of Mineral Materials Science in China
3. 1 Study on deep processing of nonmetallic mineral raw materials
The research mainly develops in the direction of superfine grinding, fine classification, purification and modification and multi-variety. Due to the progress of grinding technology and the development of superfine grinding and classification equipment, China has been able to carry out grinding and classification of various particle sizes, and the grinding and classification level of individual minerals has reached the international advanced level. Great progress has also been made in purification research, which is mainly manifested in the emergence of a large number of new mineral purification technologies, the improvement of traditional non-metallic mineral purification processes, and the remarkable development of fine particle purification and high-purity processing equipment.
In a word, gratifying achievements have been made in mineral processing theory, method, equipment, mineral processing technology and application research of mineral processing reagents. At present, China has basically possessed mature technologies for treating high purity graphite, Yingshi, diatomite, kaolinite, bentonite and rutile.
3.2 Study ion, molecular exchange and embedding in mineral pores or interlayer domains.
It has become a hot spot in the research of mineral materials. The research objects are mainly minerals and rocks with pore structure, such as zeolite, various clay minerals with montmorillonite as the main component, graphite and other layered minerals. The research contents include: pore or interlayer ion exchange technology and its application; Pillaring and intercalation technology between clay minerals and its application. The purpose is to make use of the interchangeability of substances in these mineral pores or interlayer domains and the expansibility of interlayer domains, or to transform these properties so that they have new and excellent characteristics and can be used. For example, clay minerals, zeolite or expanded graphite are modified to make them have the performance of adsorbing different harmful components, and adsorbents can be prepared for various environmental treatments. The research and application fields in this field are very extensive. In addition to the application in sewage treatment, the modified porous and layered mineral rocks are also widely used as catalyst carriers, fertilizer synergists, waterproofing agents, expansion agents, anti-settling agents, gels, adhesives, plasticizers, thickeners, suspending agents, decolorants, conductive materials, fast ion conductor materials, dyes, desiccants, filters and so on.
3.3 Study on Mineral Surface Modification Technology and Its Application
That is, the mineral surface is treated by physical and chemical methods to change its surface properties, such as surface atomic structure and functional groups, surface hydrophobicity, electrical properties, chemical adsorption and reaction characteristics, so as to improve or improve the application performance of minerals. The main purpose is to make minerals and polymers have good compatibility when they are added to various organic polymers as fillers, and also to improve the dispersion effect of mineral fillers in polymers. The research contents mainly include: the selection of surface modifiers, the effects of different surface modifiers on different minerals, the process of surface modification, the effect of surface modification, etc.
Surface modifiers are divided into organic and inorganic: ① Organic surface modifiers: coupling agents (silane, titanate, zirconium and complexes, etc. ), higher fatty acids and their salts, polyolefin oligomers, unsaturated organic acids and organic amines; ② Inorganic surface modifiers: metal oxides such as titanium oxide, sodium oxide, iron oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide and silicon oxide.
At present, the most widely used surface modifier is coupling agent, among which silane coupling agent and titanate coupling agent are the most widely used. Silane coupling agent has better effect on minerals with active hydroxyl groups on the surface, followed by oxides of boron, iron and carbon, and is almost ineffective on carbonates and alkali metal oxides without hydroxyl groups on the surface.
Titanate coupling agent is widely used in minerals, and it has a good coupling effect on most nonmetallic minerals such as calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, feldspar and amphibole with active hydroxyl groups on the surface and neutral or alkaline surfaces.
3.4 Research on New Building Materials with Non-metallic Minerals as Raw Materials
Non-metallic minerals as building materials are the most traditional research fields of mineral materials. With the development of science and technology, the research level in this field has also improved, and new technologies have emerged constantly, which is still an important field of mineral materials research.
The research content mainly focuses on three aspects: the application research of new technology of traditional raw materials minerals, the discovery of new raw materials minerals and the research of replacing traditional raw materials minerals, and the development of new building materials.
It has a wide range of applications, involving various coatings, refractories, cement, glass, ceramics and so on.
3.5 Study on Comprehensive Utilization of Useful Elements in Non-metallic Minerals
Generally speaking, the development and utilization of nonmetallic minerals is not aimed at extracting and utilizing certain elements, which is the biggest difference from metallic minerals.
Due to the shortage of resources and the special composition and structure of some nonmetallic minerals and rocks, the comprehensive utilization of some elements in nonmetallic minerals has been paid more and more attention.
For example, due to the serious shortage of potassium resources in China, it has become the main factor affecting China's agricultural development, and many non-metallic minerals and rocks are rich in potassium. Therefore, the development and utilization of potassium in nonmetallic mineral rocks has attracted the attention of mineral material researchers, and potassium-rich mineral rocks such as potassium salt, potassium-bearing shale and illite have been activated one after another to prepare mineral potassium fertilizer.
3.6 Study on Synthetic Mineral Materials
The study of synthetic mineral materials includes two aspects: synthesizing another mineral from one natural mineral; Synthesize minerals with chemical reagents.
Main new achievements: using attapulgite to react with phosphoric acid to produce active silicon dioxide, using natural zeolite to produce ultra-light calcium silicate, using pyrophyllite to synthesize zeolite, artificially synthesizing diamond, artificially synthesizing saponite, artificially synthesizing chalcopyrite-type solar cell materials, and using timely and fly ash as raw materials to synthesize silicon nitride and sialon.
3.7 Research on Environmental Mineral Materials
Environmental mineral materials refer to materials that take natural mineral rocks as the main raw materials and can be compatible and coordinated with the environment in the process of preparation and use, or can be degraded by the environment after being abandoned or have certain purification and restoration functions to the environment.
The exploitation of environmental mineral materials by using natural minerals has unique conditions, because: the raw materials of mineral materials are natural minerals and have good compatibility with the environment; The production of mineral materials has low energy consumption and low cost; The comprehensive utilization of mine tailings itself belongs to the research content of environmental materials science; Many mineral materials have good environmental restoration and purification functions.
Therefore, it is in line with the characteristics of mineral materials to vigorously carry out and strengthen the research on mineral environmental materials, and establishing a branch of environmental mineral materials is the requirement of the times and an important development direction of mineral materials.
According to the characteristics of mineral materials and their application in the field of environmental protection, the main development directions of environmental mineral materials are: ① environmental engineering mineral materials, that is, mineral materials with environmental restoration (such as air and water pollution control), environmental purification (such as sterilization, disinfection, filtration and separation) and environmental substitution functions (such as replacing materials with heavy environmental load); (2) Environmentally compatible mineral materials-mineral materials with good compatibility and coordination with the environment (such as ecological building materials).
Mineral materials have been used for environmental protection for a long time, but in recent years, they have attracted much attention, and new technologies, new materials and new application results have emerged one after another.
In addition to the continuous improvement of the application level of mineral materials in traditional sewage treatment, atmospheric adsorption, filtration and decoloration, there are also new application technologies and products in ecological building materials (such as low-temperature fast-firing ceramics, building materials with thermal insulation and tone light absorption functions, etc.). ), sterilization, disinfectant and comprehensive utilization of mine tailings.
Study on 3.8 nanometer mineral materials
This is a new field of mineral materials research, which is related to many of the above research fields. For example, ultrafine grinding in deep processing of non-metallic minerals is developing to nanometer level, and some nano-non-metallic mineral products have been prepared; It has become a new direction to modify layered silicate minerals and apply them to nanoparticles to strengthen rubber and plastic products through pillaring. People will pay more and more attention to the synthesis and filling (self-assembly) of microporous and mesoporous mineral materials, and so on.
3.9 Research on Biomedical Mineral Materials
Including biomedical materials and mineral drugs.
Biomedical materials: materials used in combination with biological systems to diagnose, treat or replace tissues and organs in living organisms or enhance their functions. Also known as biomaterials.
Mineral medicine: various medicinal materials made from natural minerals or one of them.
3. Study on10 Special Mineral Functional Materials
If we find that photonic crystals have opal structure, we can use ordered squares to prepare nonlinear optical crystals or use them as templates to prepare photonic crystals, use modified montmorillonite to prepare composite electrodes with high stability, repeatability and catalysis, and use fibrous sepiolite as reinforcing materials to prepare friction materials.
3. 1 1 Study on other applications of mineral materials
The research of mineral materials also includes the processing and improvement of precious stones, the basic theoretical research of mineral materials and many other aspects, which are difficult to summarize simply. Gemstone processing and improvement has developed into a special field, so we won't focus on it.
4 important development direction of mineral materials
4. 1 the role of important nonmetallic minerals in different physical fields and chemical environments
Metal minerals mainly use one element, while non-metal minerals mainly use their physical and chemical properties and technological characteristics. The technological characteristics mainly depend on the chemical composition, structure and construction of nonmetallic minerals, as well as their optical, electrical, thermal, magnetic and acoustic properties, as well as physical and chemical characteristics such as dissolution, adsorption, catalysis and diffusion.
Therefore, the research on the composition, structure and various physical and chemical properties of nonmetallic minerals is the basis for the development and application of nonmetallic minerals. Carrying out the basic research on field effect and application of nonmetallic minerals will obtain the complete physical and chemical parameters of important nonmetallic minerals and find out the relationship between these parameters and mineral composition, structure and external environment, and establish a nonmetallic mineral database, which is beneficial to the design and research of mineral materials. It is of great significance to improve the existing mineral processing technology, improve the existing material preparation technology with these minerals as raw materials, open up new application ways and fields of these non-metallic minerals, and carry out mineral material design research.
Research contents: under the action of electric field, magnetic field, light wave and sound wave, or in various chemical environments, various parameters of nonmetallic minerals (that is, physical and chemical properties of nonmetallic minerals) are tested; The relationship between these parameters and mineral composition, structure and external conditions is discussed.
The purpose is to obtain the comprehensive physical and chemical parameters of important nonmetallic minerals and lay a foundation for their effective application or opening up new application fields.
4.2 Study on Surface and Interface of Non-metallic Minerals
Mineral surface refers to the interface between minerals and vacuum or gas. The body surface has many active chemical and physical properties different from those in the body.
The interface of mineral materials refers to the contact surface between phases in mineral materials. Interface plays an extremely important role in the properties of multiphase mineral materials, and even controls it. There are differences and connections between surfaces and interfaces. The surface of mineral raw materials is the basis of mineral material interface and has an important influence on mineral material interface. Therefore, the study of mineral surface and interface can not be completely separated. The surface and interface problems of mineral materials have not attracted enough attention. With the development and in-depth study of mineral materials science, the research of surface, interface and its engineering will become the frontier field of mineral materials science research. For example, the ultra-fine and ultra-pure processing of minerals and the development of nano-mineral materials are inseparable from surfaces, interfaces and their engineering. The research content adopts advanced analysis and testing technologies such as high resolution electron microscope, diffraction contrast electron microscope, scanning tunneling electron microscope, X-ray energy spectrum, electron energy loss spectrum, synchrotron radiation continuous X-ray energy dispersion diffraction and so on. , the lamellar composition and composition change, dislocation type and distribution, residual stress, etc. Reveal the composition of minerals and mineral materials, the structural details of surfaces and interfaces, and their relationship with the properties of various micro-scale materials; Focus on the pore structure characteristics, interlayer structure characteristics, various chemical and physical characteristics of pores and interlayer domains of skeleton and layered minerals; The surface characteristics of mineral powders with different occurrences and particle sizes and their relationship with processing technology were studied. The ultra-pure and ultra-fine technologies of minerals and their effects on the surface and interface characteristics of mineral powders are emphatically discussed. Based on the research results of mineral surface and interface and the existing surface and interface engineering methods, a series of new deep processing technologies of important non-metallic minerals, mainly layered minerals, have been studied and developed, and a series of new mineral materials with excellent properties have been developed.
4.3 Research on Design of Mineral New Materials
Material design is a branch of material science that has been formed and developed rapidly in recent years. It is the product of the combination of material science theory and modern computer technology, and it is the requirement of social and economic development for material science research. Because the traditional "trial and error" method has been unable to prepare new materials that meet the requirements of the times, we can only carry out "rational design" under the guidance of theory, that is, predict the material formula, preparation technology, material properties and behavior mechanism according to the specific requirements of materials.
The design of mineral materials has not been clearly put forward, but some related work has been reported. It can be predicted that with the development of mineral materials design, the research level of mineral materials will be raised to a new level, and new mineral materials will appear constantly. Attention should be paid to attracting experts and scholars in material chemistry, material physics and computer science to participate in this work.
4.4 Scientific research on environmental mineral materials
In recent years, although environmental mineral materials have developed rapidly and achieved fruitful results, as a branch of science, environmental mineral materials science has not been established, and the concepts of environmental mineral materials, environmental engineering mineral materials, environmentally compatible mineral materials, environmentally degradable mineral materials, environmental burden assessment and life cycle assessment (LCA) have not been widely accepted.
In the future, we should further strengthen the research of environmental mineral materials, improve the research and application level of environmental mineral materials, expand the application fields of environmental mineral materials, develop relevant theories of environmental mineral materials (ecological design, ecological processing and ecological evaluation), and expand the influence of environmental mineral materials in academia and industry.
Therefore, the development of environmental mineral materials science still has a long way to go.
4.5 Research on Theory and Technology of Efficient Application of Agricultural Mineral Resources
China is a country with a large population and a big agricultural country, and it is facing great pressure to feed a large population with a small amount of land. The only way to solve this problem is to rely on scientific farming, increase production and maintain ecological balance. Natural nonmetallic minerals can play an important role in these aspects. The application of non-metallic minerals in agriculture mainly includes: producing chemical fertilizers, including nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer; Trace element fertilizer; Rare earth fertilizer, organic fertilizer, etc. ; As feed raw materials or additives; Used as pharmaceutical minerals and carrier minerals to produce pesticides or directly used as pesticides; Used for soil improvement.
All the above applications have been carried out, but the application technology level is low and the scope is narrow, which is far from meeting the needs of agricultural development and giving full play to the application potential of non-metallic minerals in this respect. For example, China is a country with a shortage of potassium salt resources, and the development and research of insoluble potassium in potassium-bearing mineral rocks can solve the problem of potassium salt resources shortage in China. But at present, there is still no big breakthrough in this research. The main problem is that we have not found a technology with high efficiency, low cost and little environmental burden.
The research contents include: new technologies of activation, extraction and comprehensive utilization of potassium in potassium-bearing minerals and rocks; Study on comprehensive utilization of trace elements, rare earth elements and other useful elements in nonmetallic minerals: application of nonmetallic mineral rocks in soil and water improvement and ecological environment improvement.
4.6 Study on Nano-mineral Materials
Because of the unique composition, structure, properties and preparation methods of nano-materials, the research in this field will remain the frontier field of materials science. Compared with other nano-materials, the research depth and breadth of nano-mineral materials need to be improved. Therefore, in addition to the problems faced by other nano-materials, nano-mineral materials should also strengthen the following research: new preparation technology of nano-mineral materials, development of new nano-mineral materials and theoretical research of nano-mineral materials.
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