Confucius Family is basically a collection of ancient legends centered on Confucius, which is the same as some materials in the Book of Rites. The Records of Literature and Art in the History of Han Dynasty is recorded as "27 volumes". Yan Shigu expressed doubts about this and pointed out that "the family heirloom is incomplete today". Ye Shi, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said in the Preface to the Book of Learning: "Although Kong Anguo wrote forty-four family instructions, the preface was collected by Confucius disciples, and it was combined with The Analects of Confucius and The Book of Filial Piety. The one who took its honesty was listed as The Analects of Confucius, and the rest were collected, named Family Instructions of Confucius." He also said: "The family story has spread all over the world in the early Han Dynasty, which was written by Kong Anguo."
However, later scholars have doubts about its authenticity and think it is a fake of Wang Su. Some publishers believe that this book is a collection of Wang Su's bibliography, Analects of Confucius, Zuo Zhuan, Mandarin, Xunzi, Dai and Xiao's The Book of Rites. Wang Su forged this book in order to provide a basis for attacking Zheng Xuanzhi's theory of holy testimony. For example, Zhu said in Zhu's "Zhuzi Language": "Family Language" is just a miscellany compiled by Wang Su. Although his book is flawed, it was not written by Sue. "Pointed out that Wang Su rely on, not false.
By the middle of Qing Dynasty, Sun Zhizu had written A Brief Introduction to Family Language and Fan Jiaxiang had written Falsification of Family Language, which found out the evidence of falsification chapter by chapter and pointed out the traces of its separation and change. It seems that Confucius' Family Tales is a fake book. Gu Jiegang agreed with Wang Bai that "today's family language ... means that Wang Su confuses Zuo Zhuan, Guoyu, Xun and Meng, which are fine and coarse, interspersed with divisions before and after, in the name of national security", which he thinks is absolutely correct. He also said: "The Family Instructions of Confucius is both a fake book and a miscellaneous book. "In fact, Wang Su got an early notebook and then added his own explanation to cater to his argument with his opponent. Even so, the compilation of Confucius family stories can be traced back to an older tradition.
1977, more than 6,000 bamboo slips were unearthed from Han tombs. Shuanggudui 1 in Fuyang, Anhui Province, including The Book of Songs, Cang Xie and other lost books, are the earliest extant ancient books. At the same time, many sentences in unearthed wooden slips can be found in this version of Confucius' Family Language. On this basis, Li Xueqin thinks: "As early as the early Han Dynasty, there was indeed a prototype of family language, and the family and biographies of Historical Records probably refer to this book. Liu Xiang compiled Shuo Yuan, which also included his characters. Wang Su's current version of Family Language is probably based on the simplified version and has been expanded and compiled several times. " Hu Ping also discussed the authenticity and completion time of the book Jia Yu based on the information of bamboo slips and wooden slips in Fuyang Han Tomb. The conclusion is: (1) A number of simplified books recording the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples and the stories of various countries have been circulated since the early Han Dynasty, and these simplified books should be the basis for later compilation of books such as Confucius Jia Yu, Shuo Yuan, Xin Xu, etc. (2) We can see the development and spread of Confucius' theory in the early Han Dynasty from the chapters of Confucius' words and deeds found in the bamboo slips of Ruyin Hou's tomb during the reign of Emperor Wen. The compilation of Jia Yu is the product of the development of Confucianism and the emphasis on Confucius. The old saying that Kong Anguo compiled and prefaced Jia Yu should be credible. (3) For a long time, this edition of Family Talk has been identified as a forgery by Wang Su. According to the knowledge of compiling ancient books, the evidence cited by various factions is not sufficient. Jia Yu lost everything, changed something, gained something, etc. in the process of its spread, which are all common problems encountered in ancient books handed down from generation to generation, and can't be regarded as fake books. This clarifies the view that the Biography of Confucius was invented by Wang Su in the past, which is of great significance for studying the academic development in the early Western Han Dynasty.
Compared with the current version, the Han bamboo slips of Shuangyudui in Fuyang and Bajiaolang in Dingxian are different in simplicity and complexity, which shows that the current version is expanded and supplemented on the basis of bamboo slips, which is a common phenomenon in the circulation of ancient books. We can't treat it as a fake just because of these supplements, that is to say, we can't deny the value of Confucius Family Stories just because of the problems in its circulation. During the period of 1994, Shanghai Museum purchased a batch of Chu bamboo books from Hong Kong. Among them, The Theory of Confucius' Poetry Zhao Nan and Gan Tang is included in The Theory of Confucius' Poetry. Compared with Confucius' family story, the two are basically close, so Zhu is convinced that "Confucius' poetry comments were written by Confucius' disciples, and Confucius' poems say,
Kong Anguo, a native of Shandong in the Western Han Dynasty, Guo Ziren, the second son of Kong Zhong and the 11th grandson of Confucius. The dates of birth and death are unknown. Western Han Confucian classics scholar. An Guoxue's Poems are less than Shen Pei's and influenced by Shangshu. He is knowledgeable and good at Confucian classics. Emperor Wu was a doctor at that time, and later an admonition officer, who went to the Huaihe River. According to legend, Liu Yu of Hanwang expanded the palace and demolished Confucius' former residence, and got the ancient Chinese book Shangshu in the wall, which is more than Shangshu today 16. Anguo rewritten the ancient prose into a popular official script at that time, and made a biography for it, thus becoming the pioneer of the ancient prose of Shangshu. Today's Biography of Confucius in Shangshu is called Biography of Shangshu in Kong Anguo, and scholars in Ming and Qing Dynasties regard it as a false trust for later generations. Sima Qian, the author of Historical Records, has studied the ancient books and records of China such as Yaodian and Gong Yu, and also asked him for advice. Later generations respected him as the first Confucian.
Since "The Analects of Confucius is sincere and pragmatic, the rest are collected and recorded, which is called Confucius' family language", in order to follow the footsteps of Confucius, understand the voice and smile of his old man, understand his words and deeds, feel the feelings of saints and the wisdom of philosophers, and read the Analects of Confucius' family language should also be a must-read.
I have read The Story of Confucius Family for more than a month, but I haven't finished reading it yet because of the weak foundation of classical Chinese, limited knowledge reserve and poor understanding ability. I haven't fully understood the chapters I have read. It's not a way of learning, just reading and remembering, feeling something, doodling casually, and not linking articles. I have always believed that as the inheritor of general spiritual culture and the user of various human spiritual resources, we can achieve the purpose of reading as long as we can understand some of the contents. Of course, this mood is today. If tomorrow, in the new language environment, there may be new feelings. Moreover, perception is not empirical and may have nothing to do with science. Please be clear about your critics. What is listed here is a part of Confucius' family story, not a complete book. Think of it as a reading card for easy search in the future; It's also homework. Please correct me and point out.
The finishing touch was on the evening of June 17, 2005.
Author: Make the finishing point reply date: June 2005-18 8: 2 1: 03
Lu phase 1
original text
Confucius' first official post was as a commander in the capital, and (both in Lu Yi) celebrated health and death as a festival. Young and old people eat differently, (for example, in the New Year's Eve, they eat differently), and their strengths and weaknesses are different. (Anyone who calls himself an outstanding writer need not be weak.) Men and women don't draw, don't connect roads, and don't carve utensils. (No decoration or painting, no fake) It's a four-inch coffin and a five-inch coffin. (Lu is in the east, so western governors are all French. Ding Gong said to Confucius, "How can students govern Lu?" Confucius said, "Although everything is impossible in the world, why can't you be honest?" .
general idea
Confucius was appointed commander-in-chief from the beginning and formulated the rules for raising life and death. Old people and young people use different foods. Strong and weak have different dates, and men and women go separately; No one picked up what others left on the road, and there were no unnecessary carvings on the utensils; Make a four-inch thick coffin and a five-inch thick outer coffin; Build a grave along the mountain, do not pile up soil, and do not plant trees. One year after its implementation, all the governors in the west followed his example. Hearing this, Lu asked Confucius, "How about you learn this method and use it to govern Lu?" Confucius said, "Even if it is used to rule the world, it is not limited to Lu."
random thought
When Confucius became the commander-in-chief, he formulated the way of keeping in good health and died without regret. The basic spirit is to care for and bury the poor, do things for people, advocate thrift and etiquette. Such achievements, just like some personnel now, are blossoming inside the wall and fragrant outside the wall, which has influenced foreign countries and attracted attention to Lu.
What Confucianism values most is pension, funeral and sacrifice. In fact, this was a very important thing in the customs at that time. Many nobles are extravagant and wasteful, and civilians are also subjected to the wind of reburial. The spirit of the method of preserving health and dying put forward by Confucius here is to help the poor and bury them, but it has been distorted by people with ulterior motives for thousands of years. Some people do not hesitate to bury their families in order to show their filial piety and become famous. In order to show his filial piety, he created all kinds of sad illusions during the period of keeping the system. Pretending, flashy. Stay away from moderation and sincerity. In the Analects of Confucius, Lu Ji asked ghosts and gods, and Confucius said, "If you can't serve people, how can you serve ghosts?" "Dare to ask death?" Yue: "If you don't know life, how can you know death?" When Confucius said "serving the people", he meant serving your father. If you can't be loyal and filial when your father is alive, you can't be filial to ghosts and gods after your father's death. He wants people to be loyal and filial to your father. It shows Confucius' basic attitude towards ghosts and gods, life and death. He doesn't believe in ghosts and gods, and he doesn't care about the afterlife or after death. He should have been loyal and filial before his father died, so there is no need to mention anything about dealing with ghosts and gods.
Secondly, the problem of different positions of strength and weakness. People in the world have different abilities, interests and majors. Only by doing what you are good at and doing what you are good at can society achieve maximum efficiency. However, once a person is appointed, it will inevitably lead to the gap between the rich and the poor and the social status, which is inevitable. Any concept of equality is so pale and powerless in the face of this social reality. Mr Deng Gong knew this well, so he "let some people get rich first". Although the gap between the rich and the poor is too large, it is not conducive to social stability, and the government needs to use fiscal and taxation policies to adjust it.
original text
Confucius said to him, "If you don't hide armor at home, (Dr. Qing called it armor) there is no city with hundreds of pheasants in the city. (Zhang Gao is long, and the three block. ) ancient system. Today, three companies have made it, please damage it. " It is the third capital of Ji Tucheng. Uncle Suntong is not proud of her family, because it takes many people to attack Lu at the expense of killing Gong Shan. Confucius entered Fei's palace and boarded the platform with Ji Sun, Shu Sun and Sun Meng. It took people to attack it, but in Taiwan Province, Confucius ordered the execution and wanted the whole people to cut it, and it took people north, so it became the city of the three capitals. Strong public and weak private, respect for the monarch and humble ministers, and major political lines.
general idea
Confucius said to Lu: there should be no weapons and equipment in the scholar-officials' homes, and the fief of doctors should not exceed 100 wall. This is an ancient system. Now the three companies have gone beyond the system, please order them to reduce. He sent Ji's troops to destroy the capital of the three clans in the center right (Luz). An uncle was dissatisfied with Ji's family and attacked Lu by the chaos of Feigongshan. Confucius invited Lu and Ji Sun to Ji's home and boarded Ji's platform. It took a lot of people to attack and hit Taiwan Province. Confucius ordered Shen Shouxu and Hao Yue to lead his disciples to crusade against them. If many people are lost, it will destroy the three cities. Enforce the public and restrain the private, respect the monarch and restrain the ministers, and the education of government decrees is prevalent.
random thought
This sentence "Strengthening the public and restraining the private, respecting the monarch and humbling the minister, being a great politician" has become a major theoretical pillar of Confucian legalists. Because of this, the monarchical power is getting bigger and bigger, so that it can't be limited, which has caused immeasurable harm to society and people. But in the chaotic society at that time, people really expected a strong ruler to clean up the situation. Just as the French expected Napoleon, China finally expected Qin Shihuang. However, Qin Shihuang came, the war was over, the society was stable, and people found that they had less room for activities. It' s really "Xing, the people suffer; Death, the people suffer "-"chaos, the people suffer; Rule, the people suffer! " Therefore, it is not a good way to achieve social stability by strengthening the monarchy.
However, what if China takes the aristocratic road of harmony like Western Europe? It is unimaginable, because history cannot be assumed. But without a unified China, the Chinese nation will not be formed. Perhaps, like the European Union, it is worried about the adoption of the Constitution of the Asian Union. That's for sure.