Pei Songzhi (372-45 1) was born in Song Dynasty and Hexi (now Wenxi, Shanxi). Pei Songzhi was born into an aristocratic bureaucratic family. His grandfather Pei Wei was a doctor of Guanglu, and his father Pei Gui was a foreign minister. Pei Songzhi loved reading since he was a child. At the age of eight, he was already familiar with The Analects of Confucius and The Book of Songs. After reading the classics, you will learn more and more. In the 16th year of Emperor Xiaowu of Jin Dynasty in Taiyuan (39 1), Pei Songzhi was appointed as the general in the temple at the age of 20. In 398, in the second year of Longan, Emperor Jin 'an, his uncle Yu Kai was the secretariat of Yuzhou, and joined forces with Wang Gong, the secretariat of Yanqing, to attack Jiankang. After the defeat, Yu Kai defected to Huan Xuan in Xiakou. Yu Kai recommended Pei Songzhi as the magistrate of Xinye. Pei Songzhi started out too risky. Soon, warlords scuffled and Yu Kai died at the hands of Huan Xuan. Pei Songzhi survived his death.
At the beginning of Yixi, Pei Songzhi successively served as assistant minister of suggestion and magistrate of a county in Xing Wu. Later, he was promoted back to the imperial court and became a minister of Shang Shuzu.
In the 12th year of Yixi (4 16), Emperor Wu of Liu (that is, Song Wudi) led the army to the Northern Expedition. Pei Songzhi was then the chief secretary of the state and went north with the army. Emperor Wu of Song admired Pei Songzhi very much, praised him as a "talent in the gallery" and transferred him to Zhizhi to engage in history. After 8 jin j occupied luoyang, emperor wu of song appointed him as the prince of washing horses. Pei Songzhi became an important member of Emperor Wu of Song Group.
In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, he was an official in Lingling and a doctor in Guo Zi. After entering the Song Dynasty, Ren Zhongshu served as assistant minister. Song Wendi wrote down a note written by Chen Shou in the History of the Three Kingdoms, and ordered Chen Shou to make a supplementary note. He said in the Notes on the Three Kingdoms that "I was ordered to take notes on the similarities and differences of the Three Kingdoms by Chen Shou. Shoushu has quite a narrative, and many things are judged. A sincere garden visit is a beautiful history in modern times. However, the loss lies in omission, and sometimes it is missed. I was ordered to know the details, and I knew it within a week. Search the internet for old news and live in seclusion. According to the records of the Three Kingdoms, although the calendar year is not far away, it is related to the Han and Jin Dynasties. The beginning and the end are involved, and they have been in and out for a hundred years. There are many mistakes in notes, and each one is different. Those whose lives are not recorded, but things are recorded, will make up for their shortcomings. Or the same words with mixed words to quit, or unexpected differences, doubts can not be judged, in case all the different messages are copied. If it is obviously unreasonable, punish it with violation correction. It is quite foolish to argue whether its current events are related to small deaths. " Therefore, Pei's annotation not only explains the place names and things, but also supplements the omissions recorded in the original book and corrects the mistakes. He collected different accounts of the same thing for reference. Zhu Pei commented on historical events and figures; Zhu Pei also criticized Chen Shou's inappropriate remarks. Pei's notes are widely read, quoted from classics, complete from beginning to end, without cutting or splitting. In order to annotate the history of the Three Kingdoms, he collected more than 150 kinds of original materials of the Three Kingdoms period, and quoted the original works of various works, with about three times as many words as the original works. According to the statistics of Shen Jiaben, "there are 22 classics departments, 22 history departments 142, 23 sub-departments, 23 books, and 2 10 books." Therefore, many historical facts lost in the History of the Three Kingdoms have been preserved. Pei's annotation also uses traditional annotation methods. The Summary of the General Catalogue of Sikuquanshu said: "Its original intention is like Ying Shao's annotation of Hanshu, studying exegesis and quoting facts. ..... I want to do unfinished work, but I regret what I did and don't want to delete it. So it is either detailed, omitted or impure. " Hou Kang said: "As for the annotation of famous things, the annotation is meaningful, but there is something in Pei's annotation, which is not its purpose." In the article Pei Songzhi, Mr. Yang Yixiang divided this part of Pei's annotation into pronunciation, literary meaning, collation, famous things, geography, allusions and so on. He believes: "The main purpose of taking notes is to enlarge the facts, and this kind of annotation is only a sideline." His annotation on the History of the Three Kingdoms focuses on filling the gaps and correcting the fallacies. As he said in "Notes on the Three Kingdoms": "Life is not recorded, and the recorder will make it up; Or the same words are not good, or the accident is different, and the doubts cannot be judged. If the news is different, copy it; If it is obviously unreasonable, punish it with violation correction; It is quite foolish to argue whether its current events are related to small deaths. " The biggest feature of Pei's annotations is that they are widely used and quoted, which greatly enriches the content of the original book. In particular, most of the original materials he quoted have been lost today, but fortunately they are still in Pei's notes, so the historical materials are of great value. When we read the reflection, we must read Pei Songzhi's notes as the text. Ji Yun's comment on Pei Songzhi's annotation of the Three Kingdoms in the Summary of the General Catalogue of Sikuquanshu: "During the Song and Yuan Dynasties in Jiazhong, Pei Songzhi was given a letter as an annotation, and various books were cited. This is his intention. Generally speaking, there are about six purposes: first, to introduce the theories of various schools to distinguish right from wrong; On the one hand, consult books and correct differences with the nuclear; One said to spread everything, detailing its twists and turns; If you don't pass it on, make up for it; Tell all people their lives in detail; A man who says he has nothing is attached to his own kind. Among them, they are often addicted to curiosity and love to write blogs, which is quite harmful. () However, the net is full of wealth, and the old books of the Six Dynasties are not handed down from generation to generation. There are many articles from beginning to end, unlike Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Mirrors and Shan Li's Notes on Selected Works, which are all fragmented. Therefore, the home of textual research is inexhaustible, and the evidence cited is more than Chen Shouzhi's book. " This induction is accurate. But he added, "At first, it was like Ying Shao's annotation of Han Dynasty, studying exegesis and quoting old facts. ..... I want to do things that I didn't finish and regret doing, and I don't want to delete them, so I am either detailed or omitted, or with or without it. " There is no evidence for this statement, which can only be regarded as the speculation of the abstract author. Pei's annotation has opened up a new way for the annotation of history books.
In view of the problems of "sketchiness and lack of detail" and "omission from time to time" in the history books at that time, Pei listed the filling of vacancies as the first item, mainly to fill in important events and figures. For example, Cao Cao's practice of opening up wasteland, Chen Shou only briefly recorded it in 50 words in the Ji of Emperor Wudi and the Biography of Ren Jun, only indicating that "forgiveness of military strategists began with early assistance and became a monarch". However, Chen Shou did not comment on Cao Cao's understanding and leadership in this important decision, the hardships in implementation and the results after implementation. Pei Zhu explained the above problems with the word 180, and regarded reclamation as an important national policy of Cao Wei. In mastering the essentials of history, the Pei family is obviously better. Another example is Zhuge Liang's capture of Meng Huo, which embodies the policy of "attacking the heart first" in Shu Han Dynasty and is an important measure to stabilize the rear before the Northern Expedition. Chen shou was taken lightly, but Fei added more than 200 words, and his knowledge was above Chen shou. Wang Bi opened the forerunner of metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and Chen Shou recorded it in only 23 words. Pei quoted He Shao's Biography of Wang Bi to supplement his life and theory, and Wei Chunqiu's Figures introduced his family background, which provided an important historical basis for the study of China's ideological history. The Biography of Ji Fang does not involve Ma Jun's life and deeds. Pei Bu's life and major inventions 1200 words. The records of south guide car, rollover, crossbow, catapult and knitting machine reflect the level of scientific and technological production at that time and fill the gap in the study of scientific and technological history. Important documents related to important events and figures are also the contents to fill in the gaps, such as Cao Cao's Zhi Ming Ming, Ju County Infernal Affairs Order, Cao Pi and Wu's Quality Book, Li Mi's, etc. , is also handed down from generation to generation in Zhu Pei.
The so-called preparing for differences and punishing mistakes are aimed at the same thing, but the records in various books are "mixed words, or unexpected differences, and doubts cannot be judged." "Copying from inside, preparing for different news" is preparing for different news, and "violating the truth" according to local records or quoting other books is punishing mistakes. It is often difficult to completely separate the two. For example, the story of Liu Bei's three visits to Mao was known in ZhuGeLiangZhuan, but it was recorded differently in Wei Lulue, a mermaid in Wei Dynasty, and Jiuzhou Chunqiu, written by Sima Biao in the Western Jin Dynasty. It was thought that Zhuge Liang visited Liu Bei first. Pei copied the records of two books in Notes, which can be used for different purposes. This paper also analyzes his theory, and quotes a passage in the Teacher's Watch that "the first emperor was not mean to his officials, but timid, wronged himself, took care of his officials in the thatched cottage, and asked them for advice on contemporary affairs" to illustrate the conclusion that "he had to be prepared to shine", which can be described as punishment. This kind of preparing for differences and punishing mistakes often takes Shoushu as the control object, and then extends to the evaluation and summary of other history books. For example, in The Biography of Empress Zhao Wenzhen in Shu Wei, there is a record that Wang Shen praised Mei Zhen in Shu Wei, which is completely different from Shou Shu. According to the meaning of the Spring and Autumn Annals, Pei thinks that the Book of Wei is "all empty words" and says that "it is difficult to talk about the goodness of words and deeds after judging it from this point of view", thus drawing the conclusion that "Chen deletes the goodness." He also made a clear judgment on Chen Shou's mistakes and the correctness of his book. For example, Apollo quoted Lou Xuan's suicide in Wu Shu Lou Xuan Biography and Jiang Biao Biography, and Pei directly judged it as "as Jiang Biao Biography said, it was long." Biography of Zhuge Ke quoted Hu Chong and Wu Li, and Pei judged that it was a dragon.
This judgment is more reflected in the argument. Argumentative essays include two aspects: commenting on historical events and commenting on historical books. Commentators can be seen everywhere, which is a direct manifestation of historians' subjective understanding. Because it has little to do with this topic, it is of great significance to summarize the historical criticism of historical books in the same period, which is one of the contents discussed in this paper. Pei's evaluation of The History of the Three Kingdoms is comprehensive, including the comprehensive evaluation in the above table and the affirmation or criticism scattered in various annotations. For other historical books of the same period, most of them are commented in the form of broken jade. Generally speaking, these comments can be roughly divided into two aspects: stylistic arrangement and narrative description.
Since the Spring and Autumn Annals and Historical Records, the style of China's history books has gradually matured. Although the advantages and disadvantages of the two styles are still controversial, their styles are relatively fixed and need not be said. Pei is more concerned with the norms of the existing style, especially the biographical style as an official history. Biographies are mainly biographies of people, and it is easy to master specialized biographies and combined biographies, but how to divide genre biographies is quite inconsistent. Pei advocates the principle of "birds of a feather flock together". He said: "I think I am the subject of biography, and things follow each other." Zhang Zifang Qingyun, honestly not Chen Feng Lun. However, the advisers of the Han Dynasty only had good peace. If you don't list it, then there is nothing. It is appropriate to cover it in combination with previous history. " It affirms the rationality of Sima Qian's "birds of a feather flock together" initiative, and then criticizes Chen Shou for putting people who do not belong to the same type in a biography, which is out of date. Zhuo of Jia Xu, for example, is really a strange man who "completely neglected and changed his strength". It should be placed in the biographies that Cheng Yu, Guo Jia and others are good at planning, but it should be placed in Erxun (Xun You,) and Pei's "Lost its Outline" with both ability and political integrity and Wang Zuozhi's style. "What is a night light like a steaming candle?" Although the photos are unified, the quality is different. "The essential similarities and differences should be the first essence of regional classification and biography. Secondly, behavior similarity is also an important principle. For example, Yu's Biography of the Brave and the Chivalrous Man compiled Sun Bin Shuo in the late Han Dynasty as Wei according to the year of birth and death of the characters, and handled it according to the principle that "people follow Wei, and their material meaning is similar". In this respect, if the fish is still in a spontaneous state, then Pei's principle of "similarity in substance and meaning" has become a conscious understanding. From practice to theory and then to practice, it is the embodiment of Pei's interpretation of history.
In narrative description, it emphasizes fluency and rationality and opposes "language barrier". Pay attention to the description of appearance. For example, it's a pity that Chen Shou's appearance is not described, supplemented by Dian lue and Ping Yuanjun's rare biography, which not only reflects the characteristics of the times when Wei and Jin paid attention to this character, but also conforms to the characteristics of China's historiography, and also reflects Pei's aesthetic requirements for historical literature, that is, vivid description can make historical works more attractive, which is also of historical significance.
Chao Wu Gong first involved the number of words in Pei's note: "(Pei's note) Bo Caiqun said it was several times more than this book." (Zhai Jun Reading Record, Volume II) In the Qing Dynasty Wuying Temple's engraving of the History of the Three Kingdoms, Li Longguan and others more specifically pointed out in the school magazine that "Pei Songzhi's annotation is three times correct". In the early 1970s, according to the statistics of the Dian Ben photocopied by Taipei Literature and Art Publishing House, Huang Da received 350,833 words from Chen Shoushu and 322,643 words from Pei Zhu (Statistical Table of Notes on the Three Kingdoms, published in Selected Notes on the Three Kingdoms, Taipei Zhongzheng Publishing House, first edition 1972). Quoted from Wu Jinhua's Textual Research on the Three Kingdoms, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2000, p. 195). According to Chen Naigan's proofreading by Zhonghua Book Company, there are 366,657 words in the History of the Three Kingdoms and 320,799 words in Pei's notes (A Brief Discussion on the Number of the History of the Three Kingdoms and Pei's Notes, Research on Ancient Books 1985, No.3). According to the statistics of Wu Jinhua's patchwork, Chen Shouben is 368,039 words, and Pei's annotation is 322 17 1 word (Review of the Three Kingdoms? Appendix, Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House, 1990). According to the statistics of Jinling Movable Type Edition, Cui's History of the Three Kingdoms is more than 367,327, and Pei's notes are 320,805 words (The History of the Three Kingdoms is indeed more than Pei's notes, Journal of Huazhong Normal University, No.2, 1990). Compared with Pei's annotation with the least statistics, The History of the Three Kingdoms has 380 14 more words than Pei's annotation. Even if Pei's notes are still lost or mixed in the text, it is impossible to reach several times the text of this book. Zhang thinks: "The edition and circulation of The History of the Three Kingdoms are extremely complicated, with both missing words and annotations mixed into the text. We can't draw a conclusion about which is more or less." (Three Notes on the History of the Three Kingdoms by Pei, Research on the History of Historiography, No.2, 2000).
Before the Ming Dynasty, if both Wang Tong and Liu Zhiji laughed at its complexity, Ye thought that "all the notes contained in it were useless" (Literature General Examination 19 1). Although scholars in the Qing Dynasty praised Pei's annotations, some people accused him of replacing annotations with annotations, while others replaced annotations with annotations and changed the words used in books (see Zhao Yichang's Annotations 6 and 4 and Lu's Annotation). In fact, these are all minor shortcomings, which can't cover up its advantages. There are as many as 2 10 works of Wei and Jin figures cited in Pei's notes, and less than three-quarters of them are recorded in some ancient books. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, there was not one in ten. And the materials cited in Pei's note are complete from beginning to end. Although it is said to be "complicated" and "dying", it is also worthy of attention in terms of the preservation of ancient materials alone.
Because the cited books in Pei's notes have high philological value, the number of cited books and bibliographic research in Pei's notes have become an important and controversial issue in the study of Pei's notes. According to the statistics of Qian Daxin, there are more than 40 kinds of books cited by Pei, including/kloc-0, excluding those that have nothing to do with history. The titles listed are 144 species (Textual Research on Twenty-two Histories, Volume 15). According to Zhao Yi's statistics, there are more than 50 kinds of books cited in Pei's notes, the title of which is 15 1, which is also the number of historical departments (Volume 6 of Notes on Twenty-two Histories). According to Zhao Shaozu's statistics, there are "more than 180 kinds" of Pei's annotations. In addition, there are "more than 40 kinds" of various classics and schools (Volume 6 of Reading Records). Qian Dajun counted more than 60 kinds of books 160 cited in Pei's notes (doubtful points in the annals of the Three Kingdoms) according to the times, geography, people, official system, books, articles, anthologies, family biographies and biographies. According to the example of Jing Ji Zhi, Shen Jiaben divided Pei's annotations into four parts: 20 classics, 23 history 142, 23 sub-parts, and 23 collections, with a total of 200 parts (Annotation and citation bibliography of Three Kingdoms). According to Wang Zhonghan's statistics, "there are twenty or fifty kinds of bibliographies cited in Pei's notes", and 256 kinds are listed according to Qian Dazhao's classification (Textual research on Pei's notes in the fifth volume of China Cultural Studies, 1945). In addition to "the notes of various schools and Pei's notes on himself, Yuan Zi and Ya, and the quotations of ancient books as interpreters are not counted", the statistics show that there are 156 kinds of books quoted by Pei's notes (Biography of the Three Kingdoms)? Bibliography cited by Zhu Pei, Commercial Press, 1956). Ma Nianzu counted 203 Kinds of Pei Yin Books (Zhu Yin Ancient Books Bibliography, Zhonghua Book Company, 1959). Yang's statistics show that: "As far as the bibliographies cited by Pei are concerned, there are more than 2 10, and if annotations and comments are excluded, there are more than 50/kloc-0 (Notes on Pei Songzhi and the Three Kingdoms, History Teaching No.2, 1963). Yang Ji 'an and Yang Ji 'an counted 203 kinds of books cited by Pei Zhu (Index of the Names of the Three Kingdoms? Zhu Pei Citation Index, Zhonghua Book Company, 1980). According to Chen Yuan's statistics, Pei annotated "more than 230 kinds of books" (Annotated Bibliography of the Records of the Three Kingdoms, the seventh series of ancient history of China, Fujian People's Publishing House, 1983, 10, p. 33 1 page). Wang Shumin made some textual research on Zhao Yi's Notes on the Three Kingdoms of Pei Songzhi (Collation of Notes on Twenty-two Histories by Zhonghua Book Company in 2002). According to statistics, there are 224 kinds of bibliographies cited in Pei's notes, among which "there are more than 40 kinds of works from pre-Qin to mid-Eastern Han Dynasty, as well as annotation and exegetical works, and there are more than 80 kinds of works from late Han Dynasty to Jin Dynasty, which are used to make up for differences and punish mistakes" (Textual Research on Notes on the Three Kingdoms of Pei Songzhi) Gao Zhenduo counted 230 quotations from Pei Songzhi's Notes on the Three Kingdoms. There are "235 kinds" of Pei's notes and quotations (A New Examination of Pei's notes and quotations in the Three Kingdoms, Journal of Wenzhou Normal University, No.4, 1994). According to Wu's statistics, there are 229 kinds of books cited by Pei, and "there are 10 kinds of books whose sources are not indicated" (Pei Songzhi Pingzhuan, p. 250). Zhang counted 227 kinds of books cited by Pei * * *. There are 2450 kinds of books cited in the article "Introduction to Pei's Notes on the History of the Three Kingdoms" that I have cooperated with others ("A Brief History of the History of the Three Kingdoms"? Introduction to Twenty-Five History, Beijing Yanshan Publishing House, 2002, p. 87).