Ancient land with geological history

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, wars were frequent, and maps became an indispensable tool for military activities. "pipe? The map article not only brilliantly expounds the importance of the map, but also shows that the content of the map at that time, as well as the representation methods of topography and features, have made progress. At that time, the need to build cities, build water conservancy projects, dig canals and irrigate canals promoted the development of measurement technology and mathematical methods, and map drawing began to be based on field measurement. " The Book of Weekly Parallel Calculations records: "What is drawn in this picture is measured by feet, inch by inch, and inch by inch. Thousands of miles, with eight feet and one inch; Today is four feet and five minutes, two thousand miles. "The warring states policy? It is recorded in the book that "the land of princes is five times larger than that of Qin Dynasty", which shows that the map at that time not only clarified the law of scale reduction, but also mainly used tapirs (silk fabrics) to draw, forming the oriental characteristics of ancient China maps.

Warring States policy? The description of Jing Ke stabbing the king of Qin in Yance shows that the map of Qin symbolizes the national territory and sovereignty politically. According to Records of the Historian, when Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang overthrew the Qin Dynasty, Xiao He first entered Xianyang to "collect letters from the Prime Minister of Qin Dynasty". "Hanwang therefore knows the number of people in the world, the strength, and how people get Qin Shu." It can be seen that the Qin and Han dynasties attached great importance to maps and used them as a tool of rule. At this time, the types of maps are gradually increasing. According to their contents, there are various thematic maps similar to administrative division maps, military array maps, foreign geographical maps and so on.

1973 65438+In February, the ancient map unearthed from Mawangdui No.3 Han Tomb in Changsha, Hunan Province (see) is the oldest existing map work in China, reflecting the brilliant achievements of map surveying and mapping in China 2 100 years ago. These maps are not marked with names, scales and legends, and two of them are now called topographic maps and garrison maps respectively. The topographic map is 96 cm long and 96 cm wide, and unified legends are used for mountains, rivers, roads and residential areas. The mountain range adopts a horizontal mountain line with a halo line, indicating the range and direction of the mountain range. The famous Jiuyi Mountain is also marked with the symbol of fish scale cliff. The upper reaches of the river are thick, the lower reaches are thin and naturally curved, vividly and accurately depicting the outline of the water system composed of more than 30 tributaries. Nine of them are marked with names. There are more than 80 residential areas in the map, and the symbols are divided into two levels: 8 at the county level are represented by boxes, and 74 at the village level are represented by circles, and the names are indicated in the boxes. More than 20 roads are represented by solid lines, distinguishing between solid lines and dotted lines. The geographical position of the water system and county-level residential areas in the central part of the topographic map is similar to the outline of the modern topographic map with the scale of 1: 170000 (Figure 3 [Restoration Map of Western Han Dynasty Unearthed in Mawangdui]). On the garrison map, in addition to the general rivers, mountains, roads and settlements as geographical base maps, red and black boxes or triangular symbols are also used to emphasize the layout of the garrison. It reflects the technical level of color ink mapping in China at that time. The map of the Western Han Dynasty unearthed in Mawangdui is a rare discovery in the world map history. It is related to the development of territory, the addition of counties and cities and the large scale of many projects in Qin and early Han dynasties. Drawing such a beautiful map was in line with the social background and historical conditions at that time. In Egypt, the center of western culture, mapping was developed from the need of land survey in the Nile valley. But in Greek and Roman times, attention turned to the drawing of Mediterranean nautical charts. Egypt's knowledge of geometry and geography spread to Mediterranean countries, measuring latitude and longitude, researching and compiling known world maps centered on the Mediterranean, and became the mainstream of western map mapping. After Alexander the Great conquered Egypt, the science center moved from Athens to Alexandria, and map surveying and mapping once flourished. Era-tosthenes was the first to measure the curvature and circumference of the earth, and drew a map with latitude and longitude as coordinates, including a map of the known world with the Mediterranean as the center. In AD 120, Claudius Ptolemy compiled eight volumes of geographical guides, six of which were used to record 8000 latitudes and longitudes. He was the first person to design a conic projection and draw a map with a grid of latitude and longitude. The 27 world maps and 26 local maps attached to the book were translated and printed from Arabic literature in 1475, and as many as 50 editions were published in 1740 * *. These maps were epoch-making works in the west at that time.

From 300 AD to around 1300 AD, Europe was deeply oppressed by feudal rule and religious theology. Theology replaced science, and maps became prisoners of religious thoughts. At that time, the map was just a rough and absurd work. The T- O religious landscape is the same: Jerusalem is in the center, and the Danube, the Mediterranean Sea and the Don River form a "T" shape, separating Europe, Asia and Africa. These maps painted on sheepskin have neither projection nor scale, and have no scientific value except for the decoration of religious art. This period is a long dark age in the history of western maps. Cartographers in the Western Jin Dynasty systematically summarized the theory, style and practical experience of ancient Chinese cartography, and put forward several principles that must be observed in cartography. At the same time, with the help of Hakka Jing Xiang, he compiled the Map of Gong Yu Area and the Topographic Abbot Map. The former has the nature of historical map, and the latter is the experimental sample of the planner, that is, the whole map of China with 80 horses is reduced to an abbot wall chart. The planning method advocated by Pei Xiu has long been inherited in ancient China, and its influence is as far away as North Korea and Japan. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, maps were widely used in all aspects of land administration, diplomacy and military activities. The government's cartography is at its peak, but most of it is plagiarism and has not made scientific achievements. However, it was unique in the Tang Dynasty, and his "Map of Longyou in Guanzhong and Kyushu in Shannan" pioneered the frontier dangerous map. He used the traditional painting methods of Zhu and Mo to show the historical evolution of map content. Another of his masterpieces, A Picture of Chinese and Foreign People in the Sea, has been circulating for 500 years. Although the original picture, which is three feet long and three feet wide, has not been handed down to the world, there are still 1 136 Guru Yu Ji Tu (Figure 4a[ Yu Ji Tu (a) and Hua Yi Tu (b)[ partial]) and Hua Yi Tu (Figure 4b[ Yu Ji Tu (a) and Hua Yi Tu) The inscription on the tablet reads "Tang, Jia and the map contain hundreds of countries, which are now taken from those who hear them". It can be seen that flowers originated from Jiatu. These two stone maps of Xi 'an Stele Forest are not only preserved maps reflecting the planning made since Pei Xiu, but also reflect that the Yangtze River and Yellow River systems have been accurately drawn in the Song Dynasty, and they have rich geographical knowledge of border neighbors. Moreover, the two pictures are carved on both sides of the same stone, upside down, and can be used for rubbing. Later, excellent map works emerged continuously. For example, in the Song Dynasty, a "geographical map" was used to compile a tax insurance ceremony; After 10 years' travel and textual research in Yuan Dynasty, Yu Tu, which is seven feet long and seven feet wide, was compiled and became a model map of Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the Ming Dynasty, Yu Tu was supplemented and adapted into Guang. During the period of 154 1 ~ 1579, it was widely updated and printed 7 times, and reprinted 1799. Most of the maps from Jiajing to the early Qing Dynasty are related to Guang. The famous Emperor Zhantu by Chen Zushou and Historical Records by Gu Zuyu were both compiled on the basis of Guang Yu Tu.