First, adverbs of degree
Adverbs of degree indicate the degree of behavior, state or nature. Some adverbs of degree indicate the highest degree of a situation. Such adverbs of degree include Zui, Shi, Ji, Jue, Jue, Tai, You and so on. For example:
(1) Warlords strive for merit, not as a last resort. High-impedance Xiao He was the most successful, and he was named Hou. ("Historical Records? Xiao family ")
(2) Few people were born and many were destroyed. What are the attributes of the world? (Jia Yi's "On Accumulation")
(3) Then give up the boat and enter from the mouth, which is very narrow at first and can only pass people. (Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden)
(4) The poison was served by the Queen Mother, who was intimate with her and distressed her. ("Historical Records? Biography of Lv Buwei)
There are dangers on all sides, and there is no reason to rise. ("Water mirror note? Clear water ")
6. Neither the old minister nor the present people want to eat. ("Warring States Policy? Zhao Ce ")
7. I think your majesty's laws are too clear, your reward is too light, and your punishment is too heavy. ("Historical Records? Zhufuyan Biography)
⑧ Cang Ben is a good book, knowing everything, but it is especially good at legal calendar. ("Historical Records? Prime Minister Zhang Chuan)
In the above eight cases, ⑤ "Jue" is used as a complement, and adverbs of degree in other cases are used as adverbials. In this group of seven adverbs of degree, "Zui" and "Tai" can not be translated; "Extraordinary", "extremely", "absolute", "extraordinary" and "special" are equivalent to the meanings of "extraordinary" and "special" in modern Chinese.
Some degree adverbs mean to go further on the original basis. Such adverbs of degree include Yu, Yi, Mi and Jia. For example:
(1) The more expensive it is to make a mistake. (Biography of Chao Cuo)
(2) Han Ya went ahead, but Guang was full of hair, while Guang was born and the Sichuan army shot its generals, killing several people and benefiting the solution. ("Historical Records? Biography of General Li)
(3) There are many disciples who study poetry, books, rituals and music in seclusion. ("Historical Records? Confucius family ")
(4) There are neither too many people in neighboring countries nor too many people in our country. Why? ("Mencius? Hui Liang Wang Shang ")
⑤ I personally led the farmers all over the world. Ten years have passed, and the wilderness has not increased. ("Han Shu? Wendi Ji ")
The adverbs of degree in these examples can be translated into "Geng" and "Geng".
(1) the son of heaven industry troops over ten thousand, ten thousand small but can't, summer is gradually light han. ("Han Shu? Biography of Li Guangli)
(2) then the beadle was afraid of punishment, although there were thieves, he dared not send it. ..... so there are many thieves. ("Historical Records? The biography of the cruel official)
(3) In the Spring and Autumn Period, Wang Daowan was' bad'. ("Han Shu? Criminal law yearbook)
(4) Wang Nai suspected that Fan Zeng had an affair with Korea, and slightly seized power. ("Historical Records? Biography of Xiang Yu)
In these examples, "gradually", "declining" and "slightly" all mean gradually. But the word "slightly" has a little meaning, such as:
I learned its voice, and I was close to it, but I didn't dare to fight; Closer to the benefits, wobbly and confusing. (Liu Zongyuan's "The Donkey of Guizhou")
In ancient Chinese, adverbs indicating slight, slight and not deep are "poor", "little", "slight" and "quite". For example:
(1) this sergeant wasteland, poor grain storage product. ("once"? Guangwudi Ji ")
(2) The Queen Mother has little color. ("Warring States Policy? Zhao Ce ")
(3) So Xiang Liang teaches the art of war, and he is glad. I know a thing or two about it, but I refuse to study. ("Historical Records? Biography of Xiang Yu)
(4) willing to adopt ancient gifts, Qin Yi miscellaneous. ("Historical Records? "Liu Chuan", with)
The "different" in example 1 means slightly different; Example 2 "less" is not how much less, but also a little meaning; The "ellipsis" in Example 3 also has a little profound meaning; The word "po" in Example 4 also indicates slight degree, which can be translated into abbreviation and slight. But "quite" sometimes means a high degree, which is equivalent to today's "very", for example:
(1) Only Yuan Ang Ming Jiang Hou was not guilty, Jiang Hou was released, and Ang was quite fierce. ("Historical Records? Biography of Yuan Ang and Chao Cuo)
(2) Luzhou bully, Kong Anguo, Luoyang Jia Jia people, can be called "history". ("Historical Records? Scholars)
Generally speaking, among the adverbs of degree, there is no word "home" in modern Chinese. "Slight" table gradually, "small table" is slightly different from today's usage; Of the two meanings of the word "po", only the highest meaning in the table below is retained in modern Chinese.
Second, the scope adverbs
When adverbs of scope modify verbs or adjectives, some indicate the whole range, such as "all", "all", "all" and "all". Some tables are defined as a part of the whole range, such as Wei, Du, Dan, Cai, Di, Te, Zhi and Tu. All adverbs indicating range are equivalent to "Du" and "Quan" in modern Chinese. For example:
(1) Ang was transferred to Longxi as a surname, and the benevolent soldiers fought to the death. ("Historical Records? Biography of Yuan Ang and Chao Cuo)
(2) Pei Gong, with Wang Guanzhong and Zi Ying as the phase, is a rare treasure. ("Historical Records? Biography of Xiang Yu)
(3) Uncle Sun Tong said, "Disciple Confucian scholars have been with me for a long time! I like this instrument. May your majesty be an official. " Gaudi thought it was Lang. ("Historical Records? Biography of Uncle Sun Tong)
(4) Today, the king enjoyed the drums, and the people were happy when they heard the bells and drums ... ("Mencius? Liang Xia)
(5) for public illness, give it to the doctor. ("Zuo zhuan? Thirty-two years in Zhao Gong ")
A group of wise men never fail, but some of them are long and salty. (Wang Xizhi's Preface to Lanting Collection)
Adverbs indicating limited scope are used before verbs, nouns or nominal predicates, limited objects or actions, or people and things. Such adverbs of scope include Wei, Only, Di, Dan, Du, Te, Only and Tu. , roughly equivalent to only and only in modern Chinese. For example:
(1) only the sky is big, only Yao. ("The Analects? Taber ")
(2) Beyond mountains and rivers, sails, sand birds, smoke clouds and bamboo trees are the first things that catch your eye. (Wang Yucheng's Huanggang Bamboo House)
(3) Huns hide strong men, fat cattle and horses, and see the old, weak and dead animals. ("Historical Records? "Liu Chuan", with)
(4) to the qin dynasty, burning books, books scattered death benefit me, this unique ceremony. ("Historical Records? Scholars)
(5) Although Cao Can has the power of wild strategy, it is only temporary. ("Historical Records? Scholars)
6. I can't be good at the music of my late king, but I can be good at secular music! ("Meng Le? Liang Xia)
⑦ Sun Tzu said, "Wang Tu's good words cannot be true." ("Historical Records? Sun Tzu's Art of War, Biography of Wu Qi)
Among the adverbs of scope defined in these tables, the words "Di", "Dan", "Du", "Te", "Zhi" and "Tu" are a group of commonly used words with the same or similar pronunciations, which have the same meaning and usage. The ancient initials of these words all belong to definite vowels and have a disyllabic relationship; Rhyme, Tu, Zhi, Zhi, Du, Di and Dan are the same or similar.
The adverb "Zhi" has two meanings in ancient Chinese. One means less, which is equivalent to "only". For example:
A sly rabbit has three caves, just avoid its dead ear. ("Warring States Policy? Qice”)
(2) Once you fall into a small stake, just like Fabi, if you are a stranger in your eyes ... ("Epitaph of Liu Zihou")
Another meaning is more, which means "almost" and "near". This usage began to appear in the Middle Ages. For example:
(1) Only100000 people have been killed since the start of the army for more than 60 days. ("Jin Shu? Zhao Chuan)
(2) the Buddha's life, only two Wan Li away from China, it's nothing, only two thousand years ago. (Liu Zongyuan's "Long Anhai Zen Master Monument")
(3) Sophora japonica is all over the field, leaving only pedestrians. (Bai Juyi's "Zhao Guo Xi An Ju")
The word "only" in the latter meaning is pronounced as j ì n.
Words that are different, * * * the same and common include "ge", "ge" and "item". These words all have the function of pronouns and are adverbs of pronouns, which are introduced in the scope adverbs. For example:
① Yan Yuanshi. Confucius said, "What a pity!" ("The Analects? Gong Yechang ")
(2) the elder is handsome son * * * kill pei. ("Han Shu? Gaudi odd ")
(3) Why don't you get married? ("Han Shu? Lu Jia case biography ")
However, in addition to the mutual meaning, the word "Xiang" has long been used to refer to one party and plays the role of pronoun adverb. For example:
(1) can fall to the same side, and there is no other family, thus competing with Zheng. ("Zuo zhuan? Eleven years of seclusion ")
(2) At first, it was awkward to be with the public. Today, the King and Erdan's tomb died at dusk. Tens of thousands of soldiers were recruited and refused to unite. ("Historical Records? Zhang Er and Chen Yuchuan)
Example (1) "following each other" is to make Xu obey Zheng, not the two countries obey each other; Example (2) means that Chen Yu refused to save Zhang Er, not that they refused to help each other.
Third, adverbs of time.
Time adverbs are used before verb predicates or at the beginning of sentences, indicating the time when actions occur and various situations related to time.
The adverbs of time indicating that the action has taken place or has taken place include "Bi", "You", "Taste" and "Zeng". For example:
(1) Bao Shu entered the customs and was armed. (Biography of Yan Guan)
(2) Hu Hai has heard of Fu Su's death, and has come to release Montaigne. ("Historical Records? Biography of Meng Tian)
(3) And your taste is given by Jin Jun, Xu Jun's anxiety is flawed, and the evening scene is prosperous. (Candle by Candle)
(4) Liang Wang with strange Angle, once the prisoner thorn Angle. ("Historical Records? Biography of Yuan Ang)
The adverbs of time indicating that the action will happen are "Jiang" and "Qi". For example:
Today's people know at a glance that obedient children will go into the well and have compassion. ("Mencius? On the ugly sun ")
(2) Hu Jiji, vector down like rain. Han soldiers are half dead, and Han Ya is exhausted. ("Historical Records? Biography of General Li)
The adverbs of time indicating that the action is going on are "Fang", "Zheng" and "Yes". For example:
(1) the ju bed wash, called into the city. ("Historical Records? Biography of Qing Bu)
(2) In the dream, the sound of riding a car is false, so I have to catch the rest and worry about my family. ("Han Shu? Biography of Huo Guang)
(3) At this time, Lu Zhonglian is suitable for Zhao. ("Historical Records? Lv Zhonglian and Zou Yangchuan)
The adverbs of time indicating that the action finally happens are "final", "classics" and "death". For example:
(1) However, Han Fei knows the difficulty of speaking, and his book Hard to Say is very famous. He finally died in the state of Qin and could not escape. ("Historical Records? "Lao Zi Han Fei Biography")
Although he died, his legacy will also die in Qin. ("Historical Records? Chen She family ")
(3) Jing Di, releasing fear, refers to illness, and wants to get rid of it, fearing severe punishment. With the king's livelihood, he will thank you when he dies, but so is Jingdi. (Biography of Zhang Shizhi)
(4) the king acceded to the throne on the 27th, pawn to fornication. (Gong Suichuan)
Fourthly, modal adverbs.
Some modal adverbs are used in front of predicates, indicating the emphasis and recognition of the situation, while others indicate uncertain estimates.
Modal adverbs expressing emphasis or recognition usually include "Gu", "Bi", "Cheng" and "Xin". For example:
Everything is solid and not cultivated. ("Xu Xing")
(2) If you are angry, it will be ominous, and you will return to the Jin Army .. (Korean War)
(3) I was afraid of being bullied by the King of Qi and losing Zhao, so I made people surrender to Zhao. ("Historical Records? Lian Lin Chuan)
(4) I am also a minister in the north. It is said that the King will attack the Song Dynasty. Can you believe it? ("Lu Chunqiu? Love class ")
The word "solid" in 1 can be translated as "original"; The word "must" in Example 2 can be translated as "certain"; The word "sincerity" in Example 3 can be translated as "truth"; The word "letter" in Example 4 can be translated as "true".
There are "Gai" and "Dan" expressing the estimation and speculation of modality. For example:
(1) Is it possible to use its power in Renyi? I have never seen anyone who is weak. It's covered, but I don't know. ("The Analects? Standing up ")
(2) Jade words are ironic. (Su Zhe's "Huangzhou Kuaizai Pavilion")-Jade refers to Song Yu. Ci refers to the ci in Song Yu's Feng Fu.
(3) Is the general interested in this almost talented general? ("Reflection? ZhuGeLiangChuan ")
(4) Li Yuan's knowledge is almost the same as that of Yu Tong, but it is unknown. (Su Shi's Shi Zhongshan Ji)
The estimated "Gai" and "Almost" are roughly equivalent to "Possibility" and "Probably" in modern Chinese.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) negative adverb
The negative adverbs commonly used in ancient Chinese include "bu", "bu", "bu", "bu", "Wei" and "Fei". These negative adverbs are similar in pronunciation and usage.
"Bu" and "Fu" belong to the button, "Bu" belongs to the micro-part in rhyme, and "Fu" belongs to the object part, which is the opposite of yin entering. The usage of "no" has not changed much since ancient times. It is a general negative adverb, which can deny both verbs and adjectives. You can deny transitive verbs and intransitive verbs. For example:
(1) But Confucius said, "It's not difficult to avoid the monarch when people die. I was unlucky enough to kill them. Forgive it to persuade you. " (Battle of Saddle)
(2) The Duke of Jinxiang called and said, "It's too deep, what?" He said, "You are really deep, but what can you do?" Gong said, "No grandchildren." (Korean War)
(3) People who didn't appreciate Min Qimiao for a long time in the Song Dynasty. ("Mencius? On the ugly sun ")
(4) The edge wood is a fish, although it is not a fish, there is no disaster. ("Mencius? Hui Liang Wang Shang ")
The word "no" in "ominous" and "not grandson" in examples 1 and 2 is used as an adjective; Example 3 "bu" modifies intransitive verbs; Example 4 "bu" modifies transitive verbs.
"Fu" is equivalent to "No". However, in the pre-Qin period, transitive verbs after "fu" generally did not have an object, so some linguists thought that "fu" was equivalent to "bu+zhi", that is, "fu" was compressed by "bu" and the object "zhi" was placed before the verb. Examples of denying verbs without objects with "fu" are as follows:
(1) Uncle who loves * * * should hold on. I am in urgent need of Wu Gong. ("Zheng Haihan Duan")
(2) please alliance, xu. Wei Hou wants to be with Chu, but China people don't. ("The Battle of Chengpu")
(3) Although there is a supreme way to learn, I don't know its goodness. (The Book of Rites? Learning ")
④ Sima Ye led Yuan Ang up and said, "You can go! The prince of Wu died on the day of his death. " An Fuxin said, "Who is it?" ("Historical Records? Biography of Yuan Ang and Chao Cuo)
Verbs after "fu" in the pre-Qin period also have objects, such as "if you learn from others, you will be full." ("Mencius? In this usage, you can't see the difference between "Fu" and "No". After the Han Dynasty, not only verbs with objects after "attached" increased, but also "attached" can be used before adjectives to express the negation of the characteristics of things, and can also be translated as "no". For example:
(1) on irrigation for corps commander, a few months, sit tight. After living in Chang' an, Chang' an Gongmo called it again. ("Historical Records? "Wei Wuqi An Hou Chuan")
(2) Wu Qiyou is self-aware. ("Historical Records? Sun Tzu's Art of War, Biography of Wu Qi)
This is King Lu, Minister Fu Ping. ("Historical Records? Lu Houchuan ")
"Wu" and "Wu" belong to the Ming mother, which is the same as "Bu" and "Fu". The difference between "nothing" and "no" and "nothing" and "blessing" is that "nothing" and "blessing" mean general negation, and "nothing" and "no" are used in imperative sentences to indicate prohibition or dissuasion of a certain behavior, which was called "forbidden words" by predecessors. "Wu" is also written as "nothing". "No" and "no" can be translated into "don't" and "don't" to prohibit or discourage. For example:
(1) see no evil, don't listen to evil, don't say evil, don't move. ("The Analects? Yan Yuan ")
Don't do to others what you want them to do to you. ("The Analects? Elected ")
(3) the big does not invade the small. ("Zuo zhuan? Misuse of the public for nineteen years "0
(4) Emperor Wen said, "Be humble, not too high, and make it feasible today." (Biography of Zhang Shizhi)
⑤ The alliance said, "I'm innocent, I'm carefree." ("Zuo zhuan? Fifteen years of Xuanyi ")
6 the king is innocent, and the people in the world are in great need. ("I am in the country")
"nothing" and "nothing" are used in front of verbs in narrative, indicating that they will not do some action, which can be translated as "no" or "no need". For example:
(1) If it's not bad, it's a felony. ("The child produces bad gold Guanyuan")
(2) don't want people to know, don't do it. (Mei Cheng's "Writing to the King of Wu")
(3) According to the plan of the minister, we will go to the city without fighting, and spread thousands of miles without attacking. ("book? Biography of Kuai Tong)
(4) You have no desire for food and no desire for security. ("The Analects? Learn and ")
⑤ Zi Gong asked, "Poor but not flattering, rich but not arrogant?" ("The Analects? Learn and ")
"Wei" belongs to the Ming mother-child department, and its pronunciation is similar to the above words. In usage, "Wei" means that things have not been realized, which is equivalent to "nothing" in modern Chinese. For example:
The mothers of several people have tasted the villain's food and never tasted the king's soup. Please stay. ("Zheng Haihan Duan")
(2) But the arrow was injured, the blood stumbled and the drum was not broken. (Battle of Saddle)
Sometimes "Wei" is also used to express general negation, which is the same as "No". For example:
You don't know anything about war. ("Zuo zhuan? Xi gong twenty-two years)
(4) The husband took the exhausted sick man against the suspicious crowd, although there were many people, so he was not afraid. (Battle of Red Cliffs)
"Fei" belongs to the mother-in-law. Its usage is characterized by denying not only the verb behind, but also the whole predicate, especially whether to name a part-of-speech word to express condolences. For example:
(1) This Beijing is not a degree or a system. ("Zheng Haihan Duan")
(2) minister Shi Jun feasted, three Jue, indecent assault. ("Jin Linggong is not a gentleman")
(3) I wasn't born knowing that I was good at what Gu Min sought. ("The Analects? Learn and ")
(4) I don't love its wealth, but I can easily use sheep. ("Mencius? Hui Liang Wang Shang ")
I can't be good at the music of the late king, but I can be good at secular music. ("Mencius? Liang Xia)
6. The city is not high, the pond is not deep, the army is not strong, and there is not much rice. Entrusting it to others is not as good as human harmony. ("Mencius? Under the ugly sun ")
Whether to name a part-of-speech predicate can be translated into "no" or "no" with appropriate verbs. Example 4 ⑤ ⑤ is a negative misuse centered on verbs and adjectives, which can be translated as "no". It should be noted that whether translated into "no" or translated into "no" plus other verbs, "no" is not a copula (judgment word) or verb, but only an adverb expressing negation.
6. Adverbs of modesty and respect
Modesty adverbs are adverbs used in classical Chinese to express modesty or respect for others. This kind of adverbs usually evolved from verbs or adjectives. When they are verbs or adjectives, their meanings are concrete and true; When they become adverbs expressing modesty and respect, their actual meaning weakens or disappears, and they only express a courtesy or euphemism.
Common adverbs expressing modesty and respect for others are "please", "respect", "luck", "sincerity", "benefit" and "insult".
"Please" is a verb, which means request. The object it carries can be a noun or a verb. For example:
Please arrive on time. ("Zheng Haihan Duan")
(2) to uncle, I please; If equal to, please divide by. ("Zheng Haihan Duan")
(3) please alliance, jinren plan. ("The Battle of Chengpu")
The request meaning of adverb "please" is weakened, and it is used before verbs or verb phrases to show respect for each other. For example:
(1) Say: "Loyalty and righteousness also belong, and you can fight. Please follow the war. " ("Zuo zhuan? Ten years of Zhuanggong ")
(2) If the city does not enter, please return it to Zhao intact. ("Historical Records? Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru)
"Jing" is a verb to show respect, often with a nominal object. For example:
1. Stay away from ghosts and gods. ("The Analects? Brave also ")
Respect the old and be kind to the young. ("Mencius? Summer ")
The adverb "Jing" is used before verbs to show respect for each other and is often used for pride. For example:
(1) Before getting off the bus, Confucius met his admirers and said, "People from Lu, I heard that this general is virtuous.". I respect my admirers again. "("Zhuangzi? Stealing feet ")
(2) The emperor was moved and changed the appearance of the car, which made people thank him: "The emperor respects the general." ("Historical Records? Jiang Hou Zhou Bojia ")
"Lucky" is used before the verb to show respect, indicating that the speaker's behavior makes him feel lucky and what he hopes. For example:
(1) I followed its plan and the king was lucky enough to forgive me. ("Historical Records? Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru)
(2) Marry a wife for Hebo ... Fortunately, speak a language. ("Historical Records? Interesting biography ")
The original adjective of "Jin" is cautious and upright. When used in front of verbs to show respect for each other, it means that the person who makes the action is serious and cautious. For example:
(1) If Mr. Cheng says, I would like to serve my country and follow it. ("Historical Records? Biography of Ping Yuanjun)
I want to discuss with Dr. Chen Ba ... ("Han Shu? Turn off the lights ")
In September, Liu Zongyuan, a member of Yongzhou Sima, went to the History Museum. ("Anecdote of Duan Taiwei")
The usage of function word adverb "Hui" evolved from the noun "Hui", which means "good". The adverb "hui" is added before the verb, indicating that some action of the other party is a favor to oneself. For example:
(1) Jun Hui hanging princes, heavy life. ("Mandarin? Today ")
(2) Today, the husband does not forget the meaning of writing and helping, but after his uncle's kindness. ("Historical Records? The Golden Family ")
"Hui" is often used before the verb "Gu", and "patronage" means kindness and concern for relatives. For example:
(1) Don't forget the kindness of the former gentleman, patronize Qi ... ("Qi Hou makes Yan Ying please follow the room in Jin")
(2) If you visit our city, caress the State of Jin and give it to your wife, you will be widowed, and you will really get its reward. ("Qi Hou ordered Yan Ying to enter Jin with the room")
The adverb "insult" is also derived from the verb, which is used before the verb to indicate that an action made by the other party is condescending. For example:
(1) If you don't forget the grace of your late master, you will patronize Qi and humiliate me ... ("Qi Hou makes Yan Ying please accompany him to Jin")
(2) Our city is subject to political sanctions, and Kou Yi is responsible. If bannermen are a disgrace to a widowed king, let officials finish the guest house. ("The child produces bad gold Guanyuan")
(3) Qin female said: "Son, the king of a country, this is a shame." ("Shi Min? Jin ")-Zi, referring to King Jinhui, is superior to Qin.
(4) Those who are ashamed of giving books, teach them to accept things carefully and promote sages as scholars. (Sima Qian's Ren Anshu)
Adverbs expressing modesty include "Dare", "Rich", "Steal", "Easy" and "Foolish". "Dare" is used in front of the verb, indicating that the modesty of the party making the action is presumptuous, and it seems that it should not be like this. "Fu" is often used in the words of ministers to show respect for you. As an adverb, "stealing" means "privately" to show that the comments or opinions expressed by the party expressing opinions are immature personal opinions. "Yi" is used before the verb to express shame on any position or doing something to show modesty. The word "stupid" shows inferiority and self-restraint, and is ignorant and unwise. For example:
(1) Since it's not destiny takes a hand, I dare to bother the doctor to call me two or three sons, so I'll give you a toast. Please appear before the court. ("The Battle of Chengpu")
(2) Minister Fu Ji, Wang is the most suitable in Gaozu ancestral temple. ("Han Shu? Wendi Ji ")
(3) I think it's too much to hear that officials are discussing dismissal. (Li Si's book of remonstrance and expulsion)
(4) I am a minister, and my righteousness lies in Anguo. ("Reflection? Shu Wei? Three Little Emperors ")
⑤ Fools think that knowing the situation of the camp and consulting them will definitely make the front line harmonious, and the advantages and disadvantages will be discovered. ("Zhuge Liang's Model")