Two. Key points and difficulties:
1. Accumulate the meanings and usages of common words in classical Chinese and translate the text correctly.
2. Understand the methods of war narration and the characteristics of meticulous tailoring in Zuo Zhuan.
3. Grasp the main points of the article and understand the truth contained in it.
4. Grasp the content of the article, clarify the story and understand the thoughts and feelings expressed in the article.
Cao Gui debate
First, the writer's works:
1, Author: Zuo Qiuming, as the left history of Lu, has both ability and political integrity. He has read many ancient books, including astronomy, geography, literature and history, and is knowledgeable.
2. Introduction to Zuo Zhuan
Zuo Zhuan, also known as Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period or Zuo Chunqiu, is a chronological history book that records the political, economic, military, diplomatic and cultural conditions of various vassal States in the Spring and Autumn Period. The chronicle began in Lu Yin's year (722 BC) and ended in Lu Daogong's 14th year (454 BC). A large number of ancient historical materials are preserved in the book, which has certain historical value. At the same time, he is good at tailoring, clear narration, vivid description of characters and beautiful words, especially good at describing wars and complex events, and good at expressing characters' personality characteristics through dialogue and action, which has a great influence on the development of later prose.
"Zuo Zhuan" is recorded in different years and has no title. Du Jin attached it to the Spring and Autumn Annals in chronological order, thinking that it used historical facts to explain the significance of Spring and Autumn Annals. Because the chronology of Chunqiu is too simple and close to the chronology of major events, it is difficult for ordinary people to understand. For example, there is only one sentence in Spring and Autumn Annals: "In the spring of ten years, Wang was defeated by the public." The titles of the chapters in Zuo Zhuan that we see now are all added by later generations. However, the narrative of Zuo Zhuan is more detailed, which reflects the historical features at that time to a certain extent, and makes more detailed annotations for Spring and Autumn Annals, so later generations also call Zuo Zhuan Zuo Chunqiu.
Second, the writing background:
This text tells the story of ancient war stories. The war took place in the early Spring and Autumn Period. The warring parties were the powerful Qi State and the weak Lu State. The place of the battle was Lu's gourd ladle, so it is called the gourd ladle battle in history. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Qi and Lu were neighbors. The cause of this war was that when the law was impermanent, his younger brother and Gong Zijiu fled to Ju and Lu for refuge respectively. Later, Qi Xianggong was killed by Gongsun Zan's ignorance, and Xiao Bai, the son of Juan, returned to Qi to seize the throne first, and was called Qi Huangong. Later, Lu sent omiya back to Qi for a long time to compete for the throne. As a result, he was defeated by Qi Huangong, and Qi Huangong forced Duke Zhuang of Lu to kill Gong Zijiu. In the tenth year of Duke Zhuang of Lu (684 BC), he used the excuse that Lu had helped Gongsun Jiu compete with him for the throne of Qi. Soldiers were deployed to attack Lu, and the two armies fought against Lu. As a result, the weak Lu defeated the invading powerful Qi State.
Third, warm up before class:
How are you?
Cao Gui, why do carnivores despise the sacrifice of jade and silk?
zhéfúmúfúbiàn
I regard it as a chaotic war, and it is arrogant to look at its flag, daring and useless.
Fourth, read the text aloud, master the key words and translate the text:
1, ancient and modern meanings:
(1) What happened to the meat eater? Ancient times: participation. Today: separated, no contact.
(2) carnivores despise and fail to make long-term plans-ancient: humble, here refers to short-sightedness. Today: despise, despise.
(3) Sacrificing jade, dare to add-ancient: pigs, cows, sheep, etc. Used for sacrifice in ancient times.
Today: giving up or harming the interests of one party; Or give up your life for justice.
(4) loyalty and loyalty: do your duty. Today: Loyalty.
(5) A small prison, though not inspected, should treat each other with affection-ancient times: cases. Today: the place where criminals are held.
C: The truth. Today: feelings.
(6) high spirits, then decline, three exhausts-ancient: the second time; Today: Once again.
2, the word polysemy:
(1) Reason —— ① Ask the reason: reason, reason; I am exhausted, I am profitable, so I am guilty: therefore.
(2) Yu-① Fighting for a long spoon: In; 2 shun hair in admiration: from.
(3) Use-① How to fight: depend, depend; 2 Be sure to divide people: let go; 3 must be emotional: according to and according to.
(4) Obey-① People obey: obey; Please follow in the war.
3. Key sentences:
(1) Sentence pattern: There are positive judgments and negative judgments, which are translated as "what is it …" and "what is not it …" respectively.
For example, it takes courage to fight. Fighting depends on courage.
(2) Elliptic sentence patterns: some omit the subject, some omit the object, and some omit the preposition. You should add it when translating.
Be sure to give it to others.
You can fight a war-translation: You can fight a war with this.
(3) Inverted sentence type: According to the routine of modern Chinese, it is the order of subject, predicate and object, but some classical Chinese sentences are prepositional objects and attributive postpositions. Therefore, translation should follow the order of modern Chinese.
For example: how to fight? What makes you fight?
Fight for a long spoon. Fight in a long spoon.
4. Translate the text.
V. Appreciating the text:
1, hierarchy
Part (1) is about Cao Gui's pre-war meeting and preparation, which shows Cao Gui's patriotism and foresight, as well as Lu Zhuanggong's "courage to remonstrate" mind.
The second part (2) describes the situation that Cao Gui commanded the operation.
Three articles (3) discuss the reasons for defeating Qi.
2. Learn the first paragraph:
What's the situation in Cao Gui?
Clear: From the sentence "His fellow countryman said", we can infer that Cao Gui is an ordinary citizen, and he has no official position, so he is "humble and dare not forget his country".
(2) The word "farsightedness" in "Carnivores are contemptuous and fail to farsighted" is the key of this article, which runs through the whole article. What qualities does Cao Gui have from this sentence?
Clarity: It reflects Cao Gui's concern and foresight about national affairs.
(3) The words "how to fight" lead to the following analysis of war conditions and highlight Cao Gui's emphasis on political preparation before the war. What kind of preparation does Duke Zhuang of Lu think should be made?
Clear: three aspects: ① "Food and clothing are safe, and those who dare to specialize will be divided into people"; 2 "Sacrifice jade, dare to add and believe"; (3) "A small prison, though unobservable, must be loved".
(4) How did Cao Gui answer these three aspects? Why is the third compilation of "although a small prison cannot be inspected, there must be affection" the main condition for "being able to fight a war"?
Clear: Because people's hearts are the main factor that determines the outcome of the war. This highlights Cao Gui's political vision of attaching importance to people's power. The sentence "Please follow the war" at the end of this paragraph not only shows that Cao Gui attaches importance to political preparation before the war, but also to strategy and tactics in actual combat. The article also takes this as a transition and goes to the following to write his cold war command.
3. Learn the second paragraph:
(1) When is the time to oppose the war? How did Cao Gui help Zhuang Gong choose the right time?
(2) Cao Gui chickened out, had answers and was good at grasping the opportunity, so he defeated the enemy and won the war.
4. Learn the third paragraph:
(1) After Lu ("Bike") won, how to answer this question?
Clarity: There are two meanings: one explains why we should choose the opportunity of "gathering people to beat drums" ("exhausting others") to attack. The first layer explains why he "looked down on the enemy's tactics" and "looked down from above" and pursued after seeing the enemy's "chaos" and "flag defeat".
Visible Cao Gui thoughtful, cautious action, careful observation, good at grasping the opportunity, so he won the war.
5. What specific things are mentioned in the article? What are the details? What is the abbreviation?
Clear: the center of the topic is "controversy", which is closely related to this article. Cao Gui's political preparation before the war, the tactics in the battle and the summary of the reasons for victory. From these remarks, he showed political foresight and military Excellence, so he wrote in detail. I don't write anything that doesn't help to show Cao Gui's character, such as the cause of the war, the strength of both sides, the battle scenes and the post-war treatment. And some things related to the "debate" are just passing by, which makes the article connected.
Sixth, the main idea:
This paper narrates the course of the battle of longevity in Qilu, and takes Cao Gui's exposition on this war as the full text, and expounds that the weak countries adopt the principle of winning the trust of the people strategically and winning from the rear tactically in the war against the powerful countries, which shows Cao Gui's political insight and extraordinary military talent.