Mountain Sheep Tongguan Nostalgia is a Sanqu work by Zhang Yanghao, a writer of Yuan Dynasty. This is what he did when he went to Shaanxi for disaster relief via Tongguan. Looking back on the past, this song, from the rise and fall of dynasties to the people's suffering, points out the opposition between feudal rule and the people, and shows the author's thinking about history and sympathy for the people. So what is the creative background and appreciation of "Mountain Sheep Tongguan Nostalgia"? The following is for reference only!
The original
The peaks are like a cluster, the waves are like anger, and the mountains and rivers are like Tongguan Road. Looking at the western capital, I hesitated.
In the Qin and Han Dynasties, thousands of palaces and palaces were made of earth. Xing, the people suffer; Death, the people suffer!
creative background
Zhang Yanghao is an honest official and loves the people like a son. In the second year of Tianli (1329), due to the drought in Guanzhong, he was appointed as a relief worker in Taichung, Shaanxi Province. After he lived in seclusion, he decided not to be involved in official career, but when he heard that he was called back to help the hungry people in Shaanxi, he resolutely resigned regardless of his age. In the course of his life in the Western Qin Dynasty, he witnessed the people's profound disaster, sighed with emotion, was indignant, dissipated all his wealth, tried his best to rescue the disaster, and finally died because of overwork. After his death, "people in Guanzhong mourn for their parents" (Biography of Zhang Yanghao in Yuan Dynasty). "Mountain Sheep Tongguan Nostalgia" was written on the way to Guanzhong when called. The Biography of Zhang Yanghao in the Yuan Dynasty said: "In the two years of the calendar, there was a great drought in Guanzhong, and the hungry people ate each other. In particular, Zhang Yanghao was invited to visit Taiwan in Shaanxi. Get on the bus and take the road. If you are hungry, you will be relieved, and the deceased will be buried. " Zhang Yanghao wrote this poem "Mountain Slope Sheep" during the "Guanzhong Drought".
Zhang Yanghao was a scholar since he was a child. He once presented a book to Pingzhang Buhumu and was promoted. Later, he was appointed as Yin of Tangyi County and the supervisor of the imperial history. He was dismissed because of his comments on current affairs and offended those in power, so he had to remain anonymous to avoid disaster. After being called up, the official is the minister of rites. At the age of 5, he resigned and retired to Trang Van, Jinan. He was re-appointed during the drought in Guanzhong and rushed to Shaanxi to save the relief people. Years of ups and downs in the official career have made him lose all his fame and wealth, and he no longer cares about the ruler's judgment on himself; The secluded life of Trang Van in Jinan not only allows him to appreciate and praise the natural scenery, but also allows him to observe the hardships of people's livelihood; Respecting Mencius' people-oriented thought made him deeply understand the importance of people's livelihood; His upright and outspoken character gives him the courage to face the reality and say what he really thinks. The hardships of ordinary people's life in Yuan Dynasty were expressed by writers in the form of nostalgia. This concern for the people made him "give everything to help the people in April, and every time he cried, he couldn't afford to get sick." This is the true nature and life of a conscientious scholar, and it was also rare in society at that time.
The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty practiced a policy of ethnic discrimination against scholars, and it was not until the second year of Yuan Renzong's Yanyou (1315) that the imperial examination system was formally implemented. Moreover, this system was unfair, which caused the lower-class scholars to lose confidence in the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty to a great extent and lack a sense of responsibility for society. Therefore, other writers' works of nostalgia for the ancient times were deeply branded with the times: they were either sentimental about the ancient dynasty and sent a message of nostalgia. Or lament the great changes in ancient and modern times, revealing the fear of uncertainty about the world and life; Or feel that the years have passed, expressing personal feelings of sinking. Only Tongguan Nostalgia is permeated with a heavy sense of vicissitudes and the times.
Appreciation
This song is Zhang Yanghao's masterpiece in his later years, and it is also a masterpiece of the perfect combination of ideology and artistry in Yuan Sanqu. In Trang Van Yuefu, his collection of Sanqu, there are seven topics and nine poems about nostalgia written with the folk songs of "Mountain Slope Sheep", among which Tongguan Nostalgia is the most melancholy and colorful.
The whole song is divided into three layers: the first layer (the first three sentences) describes the majestic and dangerous situation in Tongguan. When Zhang Yanghao passed through Tongguan, what he saw was the scene of "the peaks and mountains are like gathering, and the waves are like anger". This layer describes the strong scenery of Tongguan, vivid image. The first sentence is about overlapping peaks, and Tongguan is surrounded by many mountains. The word "ju" makes readers see the trend of Huashan rushing in front of them and the mountains standing. Because of the dangerous terrain, it is a battleground for ancient military strategists. Yamamoto is still, "Ru Ju" turns static into dynamic, and a word "Ju" shows the numerous and dynamic peaks. The second sentence is about the raging Yellow River, and the water of the Yellow River outside Tongguan is surging. The word "Anger" makes readers' ears echo the endless sound of water. The Yellow River water is lifeless, and "anger" gives the river water human emotion and will. The word "anger" describes the surging waves. The word "anger" also personifies the river, and the word "anger" is injected into the poet's grief and indignation caused by mourning the past and hurting the present. Moved by this scene, the third sentence says that Xuanguan is located in the place where mountains are surrounded and the Yellow River is cold. The feeling of "Tongguan Road is both inside and outside the mountains and rivers" arises spontaneously. At this point, Tongguan's majestic momentum is glimpsed. Such a dangerous place implies that Tongguan is a battleground for military strategists in past dynasties, which also leads to the following feelings.
On the second floor (sentence 417), the writer's feeling of seeing when passing through Tongguan mainly describes the deep emotion generated from the ruins of Wan Jian Palace in Chang 'an, Guanzhong. The fourth and fifth periods show that the author looks at the ancient capital Chang' an from afar, hangs on the historic sites, and has a lot of thoughts, which is hard to calm down. "Looking at the western capital, meaning hesitating", the writer looks from afar in Malaysia and feels full of emotion. The writer lives in Tongguan, looking west at Chang 'an, the old capital of the old dynasty, and the west capital is Chang 'an, which is not only the capital of Qin and Han Dynasties, but also the capital of Wei, Jin, Sui and Tang Dou. As the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties, it was so prosperous and prosperous. The luxury of the past has long since vanished, leaving only a scene of ruin, which makes the poet feel sad. It used to be the capital of several dynasties, and its prosperity was recorded in ancient books, but now there is only desolation in front of us, and thousands of flavors come to mind. When I think back to that year, the house of the Qin Dynasty was not in the middle of the Han Dynasty, and the scale was grand, and the mountains and valleys were vertical, but now the palace of worship and beauty are all gone, and he can't help but be deeply touched by the task he went to this time. The sixth and seventh sentences, "Sad at the Qin and Han Dynasties, all the palaces and palaces have made dirt", point out the reasons for infinite sadness. "All the palaces and palaces have been ruined" is a true portrayal of the process from prosperity to decline, which is "sad". This layer seems to be only a review of history, but there is no direct mention of war. However, the tragic picture of the war of changing dynasties is shocking. This paper summarizes the vicissitudes of the rise and fall of the imperial industry in the past dynasties. Here, the author's "sadness" in the face of the ruins after the prosperity is really sad. Sad for the rulers of the Qin and Han Dynasties, I'm afraid that "all the palaces have been made of dirt" (Three Auxiliary Huang Tu): "Epang Palace, also known as Acheng. King Huiwen died before he built the palace, and the first emperor expanded his palace, covering more than 3 miles. Leaving the Palace Museum, Mishan crosses the valley, and the road belongs to each other. The pavilion road leads to Lishan Mountain for more than 8 miles. " Later, Xiang Yu led troops to slaughter Xianyang in the west, "burning the Qin palace, the fire will not go out in March." See Historical Records Biography of Xiang Yu. Therefore: "A Fang is a torch". ) This situation is something they never thought of! At the same time, it is also sad for the people. A palace and a palace in Qin and Han Dynasties have condensed the blood and sweat of countless people all over the world. Just like the Qin and Han Dynasties, in order to highlight the glory of an era, they concentrated their efforts to shape the buildings of Afang and Weiyang, but it turned to scorched earth with the demise of the Qin and Han Dynasties. The glorious past was followed by the change of dynasties, and the people were miserable in the war. This situation makes the writer say the third layer "Xing, the people suffer;" Death, the people suffer "this sentence has been passed down through the ages.
On the third floor (the last four sentences), the chief writer deeply felt that no matter which dynasty in history, whether they flourished or fell, the common people always suffered. When a dynasty rises, it is bound to build large-scale buildings and build luxurious palaces, thus bringing great disasters to the people; When a dynasty perished, it was the people who suffered in the war. He pointed out that the rise or fall of dynasties in past dynasties brought disasters and sufferings to the people. This is a conclusion summarized by the author from the history of the rise and fall of emperors in previous dynasties. The three meanings are interlocking, the layers are deep, the thoughts are more and more open, the feelings are more and more intense, and they form an integrated whole. In the whole song, there are scenes in the Tibetan feelings, and the scenes blend.
prosperity, people suffer; Death makes the people suffer. "is the eye of the whole song, and it is the development and deepening of the theme of the whole song. If the meaning of this piece of music only stays on "all the palaces and palaces have made dirt", then it only promotes the Buddhist thought of "everything is empty", and it is not long after other ancient poems (and "Luoyang Nostalgia")! Name, not long! " Chen Caoan's "Mountain Slope Sheep Sighing the World" "Xing, also let him; If you die, let him. " "Li Mountain Nostalgia" "Win, all become dirt; If you lose, you will become soil. " Zhao Qingshan's "Chang 'an Nostalgia" "Mountain, empty from sorrow; River, empty and self-flowing. " There is not much difference in the theme of Yang Shen's "Linjiang Fairy". While denying history, it also denies a positive attitude towards life. It is precisely because of the last two sentences that the realm of this song is much higher than other works on the same subject. The value of this song lies in its deep humanistic concern and deep sympathy and care for the sufferings of ordinary people.
"Death makes people suffer" is easy to understand. At the time of the demise of the dynasty, there were frequent wars and people were in dire straits. The reason for "prosperity, the people suffer" is that the "prosperity" of the dynasty will build a lot of buildings and plunder the people's fat and paste, and the people will suffer. For example, when the Qin dynasty rose, the people suffered a lot by building the Great Wall, opening the way and building official offices. The phrase "prosperity, people suffer" is a profound and warning policy that has not been made by people. Prosperity leads to great construction, while death leads to war and disaster. It is the people who suffer regardless of "prosperity" or "death". Summary: This poem is concise in language, vivid and popular, and it is an excellent work in the whole Yuan Sanqu.
The summary of history in Tongguan Nostalgia clearly refers to the real life in the Yuan Dynasty: Nostalgia is actually hurting the present, and heaviness is actually a responsibility. This complex feeling can only be understood by combining the writer's life experience. Zhang Yanghao's special official career experience determines that there is a kind of thought in his Sanqu about nostalgia. In "Li Mountain Nostalgia", it is written that "if you win, you have done something; If you lose, you have done the soil. " "Luoyang Nostalgia" wrote that "work is not long; The name is not long. " In "Nostalgia of North Mangshan Mountain", it is written that "even a monarch should not be called; Even if it is a minister, it should not be called. " In these songs, Zhang Yanghao regards the number of winners and losers, the division of fame and fortune, and the occasion of life and death as indistinguishable, but only tells the story of wealth and impermanence and life is like a dream through ancient events. Only "Tongguan Nostalgia" reveals an irrefutable truth in feudal society with rare heaviness and profound vision: "Xing, the people suffer; Death, the people suffer. "
In terms of writing, the author adopts a layer-by-layer approach, from writing scenery to reminiscing about the past, and then arousing discussion, which perfectly combines the boundless scenery, deep emotions and elaborate discussion, making this poem have a strong appeal. Between the lines, there is a sense of historical vicissitudes and the times, which not only has the characteristics of nostalgic poems, but also has a unique depressed style.
From three aspects: the content of the work, other writers' nostalgia works, and other writers' nostalgia works at the same time, Mountain Sheep Tongguan is a rare and heavy work.