In the third year of Xining (1070), Sima Guang became famous for opposing Wang Anshi's political reform. The following year, he was sentenced to Xijing Yushitai, who lived in Luoyang for fifteen years, and specially compiled "Learning from Mutual Adversity". Zhezong acceded to the throne and still served in the DPRK. In the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1085), he served as a servant and assistant minister of Shangshu, presided over the state affairs, abolished the new party and abolished the new law. Died a few months later. Posthumous title Wen Guogong, history, presented the book "Sima Ji".
Sima Guang's main achievements are embodied in his academic research. Among them, the greatest contribution is to preside over the compilation of Zi Tongzhi Jian. Zi Tongzhi Jian is the largest chronicle in China, with a total volume of 294 * *, which runs through ancient and modern times, starting from the early Warring States period (403 BC) when Han, Zhao and Wei were divided into Jin, and ending at the end of the Five Dynasties (Houliang, Houtang, Houjin, Houhan and Houzhou) and before the end of Song Taizu (955 AD). The author recorded the historical facts of this year 1362 in chronological order, taking the year and month as the longitude and the historical facts as the latitude. The cause and effect of major historical events are clearly explained, so that readers can see the development of historical facts at a glance.
Sima Guang spent 19 years and most of his life compiling Zi Tong Zhi Jian from the third year of Ye Ping (A.D. 1066) to the seventh year of Yuanfeng (A.D. 1084). In Zi Zhi Tong Jian, he said: "Day is insufficient, followed by night", "This book is full of energy". The title of the book means: "In view of the past, governance is the foundation."
Sima Guang wrote a lot. In addition to Zi Jian, there are 80 volumes of Tong Jian Li, 20 volumes of Lu and 6 volumes of Guan Bai Gong Qing Biao. In addition, he has research and writings in literature, Confucian classics, philosophy and even medicine. His main representative works are Hanlin Cao Shi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi and Shuowen Jiezi. Historically, Sima Guang was once regarded as one of the three saints of Confucianism (the other two were Confucius and Mencius).
On the political point of view, Sima Guang advocates that the legal system will never change and his political thoughts are conservative. He once said: "the law of the former king cannot be changed"; In his view, Wei Liede, the king of Zhou Dynasty, appointed Wei Si, a doctor of the Jin Dynasty, as a vassal, which was an abandonment of "the ceremony of the former king" and "the law of the ancestors". He and Prime Minister Wang Anshi are political enemies. [Edit this paragraph] The distant ancestor of Sima Guang can be traced back to Sima Fu, the royal family of the Western Jin Dynasty. Originally from Hanoi (now Qinyang, Henan). Sima Guang's father, Sima Chi, used to be a doctor in the Ministry of War, a servant in Tianzhangge (affiliated to Hanlin College) and an adviser to the emperor in the library. He has always enjoyed a high reputation for his honesty and kindness. Sima Guang was born in the west side of Fuzheng Road, West Street, Pixian County, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, and a stone tablet was unearthed. On the front, it says "the place where Sima Wengong was born", and briefly describes the time and place when Sima Guang was born in Pixian County and the reasons for the monument. The stone tablet was first built in Xia and Zhili of Pixian County in the late Qing Dynasty. Due to the age, the stone tablet has been eroded by wind and rain, and the inscription has long been illegible. In 24 years of the Republic of China, Liu Tianxiang served as county magistrate, and the overseers re-carved the tablet according to the original size, with a height of 144 cm and a width of 68 cm. The stone tablet originally stood on the right side of the county government (the original site was the former site of Sima Wen Ancestral Hall), and the existing Wang Cong Ancestral Hall.
According to the Song Dynasty Qionglai Zhang Xingcheng's Sima Wengong Temple in Qionglai County Records, it is suggested that doctor Sima Junchi be appointed as a county magistrate in a certain year, and an official position will be born in a certain month next year. The word is Min, and he is also called Shan. " This passage is about Sima Chi who lived in the mansion when he was a county magistrate in Pixian County, and his wife gave birth to a second son, Sima Guang. The article also said: Sima Chite personally planted a pine and a nan under the imperial court in memory of his official son. After Sima Chi's father and son died, the pine tree withered, and only Nanmu tree was still green. Xi people think that the luxuriant nanmu tree is the glory of Sima Guang, so Li Mingyi, the county magistrate, established the "Sima Wengong Temple" in the place where Sima Guang was born to worship him.
According to records, Sima Guang was born in Tianxi for three years (10 19). He was a minister of the Northern Song Dynasty and edited the famous Zi Zhi Tong Jian. Song Zhezong Yuan You served as Prime Minister for one year (1086) and died eight months later. He was canonized as a great god, an official and a Lord protector. So later people called him Sima Wengong.
Zhang Xingcheng's "Sima Wen Gong Ci Tang Ji" also said: During the Northern Song Dynasty, there were rumors in Pixian County that ethnic minorities in mountainous areas had defected. At that time, Lu Mengsong, the county magistrate, went home to see his parents sneaking back to Shanxi, and Li Yuan, the main book, also fled. The order in the county town is chaotic, and the people are in panic. At that time, Sima Chi, a county commandant, ignored the life of his whole family. At this critical moment, he automatically acted as the county magistrate, presided over the county administration, and cleaned up the chaos. At that time, it coincided with the first month, but the people were not in the mood for the New Year. Those rich people buried gold and silver, silk and textiles. Those who have no money, the elderly and the young, fled for their lives in the deep forests of Chengdu, Pengxian and Dayi counties. In order to calm people down, Sima Chi put on lanterns for three days and nights from the fifteenth day of the first month. Seeing that the lanterns had been put on for three days, the people felt at ease and moved back to Pixian County.
Sima Chi left Pixian because of his promotion in political achievements. However, the county people did not forget him, and felt that he gave birth to a great historian in Pixian County.
Zhang Xingcheng, the author of Paulus Johannes Memorial Hall, is a very serious scholar and worships Sima Guang very much. He and Sima Guang are both from the Northern Song Dynasty. His birthplace, Qionglai and Qixian, belong to Chengdu Prefecture, only a few hundred miles apart. They are less than a hundred years apart. So his account should be well-founded and credible. After Sima Wen Gong Ci Tang Ji was included in the artistic category of the Great Unity Annals of Qing Dynasty, it can be seen that the record that Sima Guang was born in Pixian County has been confirmed by many people of insight and authoritative works. Coincidentally, Yuan Shuoyou, also a native of Song Dynasty, is recorded in Chengdu literature, which means: "Sima Guang was born in Guanzhou when his father Sima Chi was the county magistrate of Pixian County, Sichuan Province", which is consistent with Zhang Xingcheng's record.
Sima Wen ancestral hall no longer exists, and the site has been opened up as a garden for the people. The stone tablet of "the birthplace of Sima Wengong" is now in Wang Cong Temple. When Sima Guang was born as a child, his father Sima Chi was the magistrate of Guangshan County in Gwangju, so he was named "Guang". At the age of seven, "adults are awe-inspiring, and they can achieve their great purpose by hearing Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals". From then on, "books can't be put down, I don't know hunger." Sima Guang was deeply influenced by his father. A handmaid peeled the Hu core for him with hot soup. His sister asked him who did it. Sima Guang replied that he peeled it himself. His father scolded him for how children could lie, and Sima Guang never lied again. The children's story of "Sima Guang smashed the jar" was widely circulated in Tokyo (now Kaifeng) and Luoyang. Xiao Sima Guang was calm, witty and brave when he was in trouble, and was passed down as an eternal story.
Break the urn and save a friend (1)
Sima Guang, whose real name is Shi Jun, is from Xia County, Shaanxi Province. Father pool, Tianzhangge to be built. Guang (2) was born at the age of seven, and his noble spirit (3) after he became an adult, he heard of Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals (4) and loved it so much that he retired to his family, that is, he lost his big finger (5). Nature [6] can't put down the book, and I don't know if I am hungry or thirsty. A group of children were playing in the yard. One child climbed the urn and his foot fell into the water. Everyone abandoned the levy, only holding a stone to break the urn, the water burst, and the child was born. Later, Beijing and Luoyang drew a picture.
Translation:
Sima Guang, whose real name is Shi Jun, is from Xia County, Shaanxi Province. Father pool, Tianzhangge to be built. Guang (Sima Guang) was born at the age of seven, and he stood in awe as an adult. He heard about Zuo's Chunqiu (also called Chunqiu Zuoshi Biography, which is said to have been written by Zuo Qiuming during the Spring and Autumn Period), and liked it very much (referring to Zuo's Chunqiu). He retired (went back) and told his family that he knew (understood) his big finger (the same as Zhi). Naturally (from now on), I can't put down this book, and I don't even know if I am hungry, cold or hot. Children are playing in the courtyard (courtyard). One climbs the urn, and his foot (finger slips) falls into the water. Everyone abandons it (leaving the child to escape), only taking (taking) stones to smash the urn (finger urn), and the water explodes (spouts out), and the child lives.
Sima Guang, whose real name is strategist, was born in Sushui Village, Xia County, Shaanxi Province (now Xia County, Shanxi Province) in the Northern Song Dynasty, and was known as Mr. Sushui in the world.
Sima Guang was born in November of the third year of Tianxi in Song Zhenzong (A.D. 10 19). At that time, his father Sima Chi was the magistrate of Guangshan County in Gwangju, so he was named "Guang". Sima Guang's family has been an official for generations, and his father Sima Chi later became an official to the Ministry of War, a doctor and a celestial pavilion, and has always enjoyed a high reputation for being honest and kind.
Influenced by his father, Sima Guang was smart and studious since childhood. According to historical records, Sima Guang likes reading Zuo Zhuan very much, and often "never stops reading books, never knowing hunger and thirst." At the age of seven, he was able to recite Zuo Zhuan skillfully, and he could clearly tell the historical outline of more than 200 years, indicating that he had a very strong interest in history since he was a child.
Precautions:
(1) is selected from the biography of Sima Guang in Song Dynasty.
(2) Sima Guang was born at the age of seven and grew up to seven. Guang, namely Sima Guang, was born in Xiaxian County (now Shanxi), Shaanxi Province. Minister and historian of the Northern Song Dynasty, compiled books such as Zi Jian.
(3) awe-inspiring and serious.
(4) Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals, also known as Zuo Zhuan, is said to be a historical book compiled by Zuo Qiuming in the Spring and Autumn Period.
(5) refers to the general idea, main meaning. Refers to "purport".
(6) thereafter, thereafter.
(7) release.
(8) A container with a big belly at the mouth of the urn.
(9) Abandon and flee.
(10) broke out. Sima Guang, in front of Emperor Sima Wen's temple, entered imperial academy in the first year of Baoyuan in Song Renzong (1038) and then imperial academy. At first, he was appointed as a first-class junior official to try Li Lang and Dali. Later, under the recommendation of Pang Ji, the deputy envoy of the Tang Dynasty, he went to Beijing to collate Guan Ge and was merged with the same judge. At the end of last year, Song Renzong was appointed as Tianzhangge, and served as a lecturer and consultant of Tongzhi Construction Institute. In the sixth year of Jiayou (106 1 year), I moved to my roommate, Jianyuan. He is determined to compile general records as a reference for the rulers. In the third year of Zhiping (1066), he was included in Eight Volumes of Annals of Warring States to Qin Dynasty and went to Song Yingzong. Yingzong ordered the First Bureau to continue the repairs and provide expenses and additional personnel. Song Shenzong wrote "Learning from the Past and Learning from the Past" for his book "Learning from the Past", and personally prefaced it. Wang Anshi supported Song Shenzong's New Deal, but strongly opposed it. He argued with An Shi in front of the emperor, emphasizing that the law of ancestors could not be changed. God ordered him to be the deputy special envoy of the parliament, but he refused to give up. In the third year of Xining (1070), he left Beijing to learn about Yongxing Army (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province) as a bachelor in Ming Dynasty, retreated to Luoyang in the following year, left Xijing to stay in Yushitai, and continued to edit Tong Jian with the bookstore until the seventh year of Yuanfeng (1084). After the book was completed, Sima Guang was promoted to a bachelor's degree in Senior Minister's Hall. In the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1085), she acceded to the throne, and the Empress Dowager listened to politics and called her into Beijing to preside over the state affairs. The following year, he served as a servant of Shangshu and an assistant minister. A few months later, he ousted the new party and abolished the new law, which was called "Yuan You transformation" in history. Sima Guang was in office for a year and a half, that is, he died. "The people in Beijing went on strike to hang themselves, dressed and drank, and cried in the alley, covering tens of millions." When the coffin was sent to Xia county, "people cried like crying their loved ones." Tens of thousands of people will be buried in all directions. " "Every family hangs an elephant, and the rice must have its wish." After his death, he posthumously gave a posthumous gift to a surname, Wen Guogong, eulogized "Zheng Wen" and gave a tablet of "Faithfulness and National Essence". His posthumous works include Jun Zhang, Lei Bian, Heijia Ji, Cao Shi, Zhu Jing, Yi Shuo, Zhu, Zhu Yangzi, Yi Shu, You Xingshan Ji, Xu Shizhi and Yi Yi. [Edit this paragraph] Political claim Sima Guang is a standard conservative politically. He had serious differences with Wang Anshi, who presided over the reform, and repeatedly wrote against the new law. He thinks that the newly-built countries in criminal law use light codes and the chaotic countries use heavy codes, which is to despise the world, not to change the law. The so-called "ruling the world is like a bedroom, we will repair it, and it will not be built if it is neither too big nor too bad." Sima Guang and Wang Anshi, as far as wholeheartedly serving the country is concerned, are consistent, but each has its own bias in specific measures. Wang Anshi mainly focused on the financial and military problems at that time and solved the urgent need through drastic economic and military reform measures. Sima Guang believes that in the persistence period, people's thoughts should be bound within the original system through the rectification of ethical norms. Even if it is reformed, it must be prudent, because "if it is a big bad change, it must be a good craftsman and a good material." Now there is neither, I am afraid of the wind and rain. " Although Sima Guang's idea is conservative, it is actually a reform strategy based on "keeping the norm". The problems in Wang Anshi's political reform, such as ineffective implementation of the new law and improper employment, prove Sima Guang's political sophistication and stability.