Keywords: Re-understanding Yang Yi's Kunxi style songs and poems
After the founding of New China, Quincy style, which was once popular in the early Song Dynasty, was almost completely denied. Since the new period, the theoretical circle has constantly raised objections and affirmed the value of Kunxi style, especially Yang Yi's poems, from the ideological and artistic aspects, which is very convincing. However, when talking about the poems of Kunxi Style and Yang Yi, several influential literary works still hold that "Kunxi Style actually has a strong aristocratic flavor and is incompatible with the social characteristics of the Song Dynasty", "Kunxi Style has an obvious entertainment tendency" and "so those who advocate changing the style of writing must first deal with it"; "It shows that their creative purpose is still the same as that of the early Song Dynasty, that is, singing and entertaining themselves." Only the vernacular Chinese that Yang Yi made and learned when she was an official in a local place (that is, works other than Kunxi Singing Collection) are "works with substantial content". On the one hand, several later works absorbed the new achievements of academic circles and made a comprehensive evaluation of Kunxi style, but the conclusion was: "Kunxi style poems are relatively poor in ideological content, not closely related to the times and society, and rarely express the poet's true feelings." "Although the achievements of the style are higher than those of the white style and the late Tang style, there is no essential difference between them, and they are both poetic styles in the late Tang and Five Dynasties. quot
In the author's view, these statements are quite rough. There are several issues involved here: First, are Kunxi-style poems aristocratic literature? Second, is the body and the white body just an antagonistic relationship? Thirdly, does Quincy's poetic style only reflect the entertainment tendency of singing and entertainment? On the basis of previous studies, this paper attempts to make a further statement on the understanding and evaluation of Yang Yihe's style in order to seek advice from local scholars.
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Why Quincy style is aristocratic literature? Probably because it happened, it spread in the pavilion. Poetry in white style was popular in the early 50 years of Song Dynasty, and it was popular in palaces, pavilions and pavilions, or used to make peace between monarch and minister, or to reward and praise the peace between ministers. Kunxi style, which also originated from the chorus of poets in the pavilion, gradually took its place since the Zhenzong Dynasty. On the surface, both white body and body are the products of court singing in the early Song Dynasty, but we can't generalize them.
The name "Pavilion" was inherited from the Five Dynasties. When Liang moved the capital to Bianliang, Jixian and Sanguan were also called "Sanguan". Song Taizong is peaceful and rejuvenating the country, and the three pavilions are named Chongwen Academy. At the end of the archway, it is divided into three halls with more than 10,000 books. It turned out that it was not a secret pavilion, but the three halls and the secret pavilion were combined into one, so it was called "Pavilion".
Chinese people in pavilions were the earliest literary groups in the early Song Dynasty, and their pavilion-style poems also reflected the conscious literary creation consciousness of Song people. Perhaps it is in view of this that Wu Chuhou of the Northern Song Dynasty put forward the distinction between "the work of the court" and "the work of the mountain grass" when summing up his poetry creation in the early Song Dynasty. Regarding the former, it said: "The imperial court's articles in the pavilion make the temperature moist and abundant, which is the right time and place for those who play the role of caring for grass." . Therefore, the imperial edicts written by Yang Danian, Song Xuanxian, Song and Hu Wuping in this dynasty are all beautiful and honest, which is great for Yan, Xu, Chang and Yang Yuan in previous lives, and also various articles? Quot (Blue Box Miscellanies, Volume 5) The first representative listed is Yang Yi. The same book also said that Xia Song, who is also a true disciple, once praised the prosperity of Hanlin's bachelor with an article, saying that "Zi Wen is full of elegance and will be published in the future." Until the reign of God, Wang Anguo, who worked in the secret cabinet, said, "The style of the article must be official." The so-called "official" means pavilion gas. According to Wu Chuhou, the white style and Kunxi style in the early Song Dynasty were obviously pavilion poems, while the late Tang Dynasty should be mountain poems.
Then, as the core and main force of the palace poetry garden, are the pavilion literati and their works aristocratic? I don't think we can generalize, we need specific analysis.
The representative writers of vernacular Chinese in the early Song Dynasty were mainly the old ministers of the Five Dynasties and Zaifu of the New Dynasty. Xu Xuan was an official in the Southern Tang Dynasty, and served as a bachelor of Hanlin and an official minister. After entering the Song Dynasty, he rode on the right and on the left. Li Yun was an official in the later Jin Dynasty, the later Han Dynasty and the later Zhou Dynasty, and became an important official in the Song Dynasty. The Forbidden Forest Banquet by Liu Yun and Su Yijian, and the Hanlin Songs by Liu Yun and Xu Xuan, etc., were the vocals of Guan Ge when he first opened in Song Taizong. Li Zhi and Lv Duan, both ministers of Zaifu during the reign of Emperor Zhenzong, were also advocates of vernacular poetry, and Liu Yun and Li Zhi had the Collection of Li Er's Chorus, which was handed down from generation to generation. The popular white poems in the court really represented the aristocratic tendency of poetry creation at that time. This is because, firstly, in the early Song Dynasty, civil servants held high positions and enjoyed honors, which bred the idea of pleasure, kindness and hatred, and they were full of ambition because of their high officials and generous salaries, and their life thoughts and actions were quite close to those of Bai Letian in his later years. Bai Juyi lived in Luoyang Road after retirement. He got together with nine old idlers and drew Nine Old Pictures, which is a much-told story in the poetry circle. Ge's "Yun Zai" volume 19 said: "At this time, if we re-enter the phase, it will be that eight people, including Song Qi, are over seventy years old and will die in vain for the nine old societies." It can be seen that Liu Yun and others' life purport; Second, the ministers in the early Song Dynasty were mostly literati, who were famous for their writings and poems. So they appeal to each other, want to sing, and want to flaunt elegance and self-esteem. The content system of Bai Letian's poetic style (that is, "a long poem with rhyme and reward" and "a small chapter with a glass of wine" in Chen Yinque's Poem of Bai Yuan) is most suitable for the identity and lifestyle in the early Song Dynasty, so it is popular. In the preface of lee woon-jae's "Li Er's Singing and Answering Collection", he said: "I am quite comfortable when I am free, but Zhang Answering is just an empty day. ..... Yesterday, I was very happy. I dreamed that "Bai Liu's Song Collection" spread in the sea, which was an immortal event. Do you know it's safe not to write this poem in the future? Quot From then on, he concentrated on poetry topics, such as "How carefree Peng Ge is", "Empty Secret Pavilion" and "Nothing to be complacent", which shows his complacent mentality. Of course, the popularization of white energy, the promotion of kings and the easy acquisition of language are also important reasons.
Let's look at Quincy-style writers, which are named after Quincy's remuneration and singing collections. Their singing activities were in the three years from the second year of Zhenzong Jingde (1005) to the first year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1008), that is, in the early stage of compiling the deeds of princes and ministers in previous dynasties. Among the 17 people who participated in the compilation of the book, many people did not participate in the compilation of the book, and some people did not work in the library at all. Therefore, they are not only the ci ministers in the pavilion, but also the authors of Kunxi Collection, mainly Yang Yi and Qian. Among these three people, Qian's identity is special, while Yang Yi and he are similar, but their identities are different. Both of them entered the official position with the imperial examination, and they were new bachelors in the Song Dynasty. Wang Qinruo, Ding Weisong and Chen Pengnian are all new pavilions, good at buttering up others and humble, while Yang Yi is different. In the later period of Zhenzong, surrounded by clique, Wang Qinruo, Ding Wei Song Dynasty, Chen Pengnian and others wanted to invite pets, while Yang Yi was in the middle, marginalized and in danger. But he is honest and has a strong personality, and he doesn't want bring disgrace to oneself. Although he is a literary squire, he is ambitious, claiming that "history is empty and self-confessed, but who knows the truth of the world" ("Reading the History of Bai Style, New Collection of Wuyi", Volume 4). At that time, people either called it "extremely strong and extremely weak" (Ouyang Xiu's "Returning to the Field") or praised it greatly? Quot A honest and bright person "(Su Shi's On the Study of Tribute), it is obvious that Yang Yi is not a disciple of Emperor Ashi.
On Yang Yi's moral integrity, famous scholars in the Qing Dynasty wrote an article "Public Comment" ("Saizaki Pavilion Collection", volume 29, four-part series), praising Yang Yi's moral integrity, which has long been ignored by researchers, and is hereby relayed as follows:
There were many famous ministers in Miao Zhen generation, but they regarded Kou Laigong as a hero for a while and wanted to attract Yang Wengong to do things alone. Yuchu said that Wen Gong is a master of Ci, why can he be compared with Lai Gong? It has little to do with repeating his mistakes and knowing the strength of Wen Gong. When the Astronomer returned to the photo studio, he was the most favored, but he didn't go to the second house. Therefore, he was persevering and self-reliant, and the small group tried its best to get rid of it. There were only a few groups such as Wang Qinruo and Ding Wei in the Zhenzong period. Wen and Qin Ruo used to be kindred spirits of "the bookstore is expensive", and they didn't take their seats every time they went to the museum. If Qin goes to the DPRK, a hundred officials will send poems, and Wen Gong will be the only one. Qin Re invited Zhen Temple to preach Xuansuo's poems, but Wen Gong didn't do it. It is said that he also sent someone to propose marriage, but he refused it very severely. It can be said that the spirit is noble, and the straight man is harmless. Therefore, the biggest one is that, for example, when the grass is clean and clean, it is said that it is "rich and unwilling"; The smallest person, such as the grass department, occasionally "dirt" and resigned.
Poets in the early Song Dynasty, such as Wang, (Yu Zhuo), Liu, (Yun) and so on, all saw themselves from the wind festival, and Wen Gong was particularly clank. However, if the battle of Ge Yuan was shocking, and Lai Gong was alone and Wen Gong drank, he would have plenty of food and clothing.
Zhu laughed at him for drowning in the historian. Therefore, Lai Gong was in trouble, called Wen Gong to the province, and then polluted the land, thinking that he had never heard the precepts. What an exaggeration! Wen Gong's worship of Buddhism is characterized by academic deficiency, but it does not damage his integrity; As for the statement that the stool was dirty, it was slandered by the villain that day. The evil of "Five Ghosts" is nothing more than the disaster of Kimbe and Julian. However, when crossing the sea, why did it regard it as a crisis? And with Wen Gong's stubbornness, there are many people who can offend him. What was the previous Kite Festival? It shows that he is old and lost, and the tempered steel suddenly becomes a finger, which is unreasonable. Dongpo said: "Man depends on spirit, while righteousness depends on spirit, which is beyond his power." Therefore, because Taibai was rude to Gao Lishi, he knew that he would be threatened by Wang Yong and believed that he was a talent in Wang Zuo. It can be said that people are kind to people, and I am also a cloud in the palace of literature.
Everything Yang Yi fell out of favor in this article is recorded in the history books:
"Grass system was criticized by' dung' occasionally", which means that in June of the sixth year of Dazhong Xiangfu, Yang answered the Qidan book and said "having sex with neighboring soil". After reading it, Zhenzong wrote the words "rotten soil", "rat soil" and "dung soil" on the manuscript and laughed at it. Yang Yi immediately accused him of incompetence, and Zhenzong said, "(The Long Edited History as a Mirror, volume 80, Zhenzong Dazhong Xiangfu for six years, and see Fan Zhen's Chronicle of Dongzhai and Ouyang Xiu's Return to the Field)" Cao Imperial Decree "refers to the discussion book of Queen Liu. True Sect wants to be made by Yang Yi, and let Ding Wei preach the imperial edict in the Song Dynasty, but Yang Yi won't. Ding Wei in the Song Dynasty said: "New Year's Day is to cheer up for this, not to worry about wealth." Yang Yi replied, "I don't want to be so rich. "Shinchan is helpless, but he was ordered by other bachelors. (same as above, see Yuan Tan.) "Qin Re refused to send poems. For details, please refer to Volume 67 of "Continuation of Capital Management as a Mirror". According to Jiang Xiufu's magazine, there is a gap between Yang Yi and Wang Qinruo: "If Yi is in the museum, Qin will avoid it, and so will he. And if Qin knows Hangzhou, there are poems for the DPRK, and he will not be alone. If Qin resigned from the sky and played, it would be delayed to make 100 million orders to write poems. Quot This matter is also contained in Kong's Yuan Tan. "Dongshan Yuan Tan" also said: "Yang Yi had a new jichen at the Hanyuan Festival who wanted to join his party. As the saying goes,' a gentleman knows his details, but he knows his softness, and he knows his rigidity'. Yi zhengse replied sharply:' I am shameless, heartless and not afraid of injustice.' "
Another example is the handling of Zen Buddhism. Although Yang Yi participated in the detailed annotation of Zen rituals, his attitude was obviously different from that of other ministers. In Song Dynasty, courtiers such as Wang Qinruo and Ding Wei wrote hymns and memorials for "worshipping the East and the West". What's more, Dazhong Xiangfu's record of worshipping Zen, the praise of the first altar in the country, the praise of Mount Tai and the praise of worshipping the altar were all praised to pieces, even Wang Dan, who was quite knowledgeable, was no exception. As a civil servant, Yang Yi always has reservations, leaving no words of praise. Sticking to one's "temperament" and "not discussing" when something happens will inevitably cause the suspicion and dissatisfaction of the true Sect.
For example, Ouyang Xiu's "Return to the Field" has a year's volume: "Yang Wengong is good at the world with his articles, but he is very strong and weak. If there is evil, blame it. When I was in the bachelor's college during the Spring Festival, I was summoned to a small pavilion at night, deep in the forbidden area. I saw the tea and asked calmly. After a long time, I published several articles to show the cloud of the New Year:' Do you know my book? I drafted it myself and didn't order the next generation to do it. "I don't know what is right in the New Year, so I nodded and came out. If you know, you will be slandered. " Stone's Hunan Story also said: "The true Sect worshiped the West, called the ministers to come, and announced that the imperial edict" Ju Tai Qing Lou Shu ","Lucky Xijing Tomb "and" The Story of the Projectile Wall at the East Gate of Xijing "were all new, and said with a smile:' Although they are not excellent works, they are all made by me, not others. The language cover is aimed at Yang Danian. "
Yang Yi's poem "Thirty Poems with a Sense of Imperial Decree" ranks first in the Quincy Prize Singing Collection. The feelings described by Yang Yi are rich and proud without the state of years wandering. On the contrary, it can be seen that he is in a crisis mentality that he is only in infancy, and he is willing to suffer. Therefore, it can be said that Yang Yi, as the most representative writer of Kunxi style, has a conscious sense of personality independent of imperial power, which embodies the typical temperament and character of scholars in the Song Dynasty, just as Mr. Wang Shuizhao compared with five generations of old ministers such as Xu Xuan, Liu Yun, Li Zhi and Lv Duan in the early Song Dynasty and Zaifu in the Song Dynasty compared with real poets such as Wang Qinruo, Song and Chen Pengnian who abandoned reason and attached power. In my opinion, as the center of the poetry circle in the early Song Dynasty, the core members of the pavilion completed the transformation from the Tang Taizong Dynasty to the Zhenzong Dynasty, from the old minister of the Five Dynasties to the new bachelor of the Northern Song Dynasty. This is the process that Song poetry gradually got rid of the aristocratic taste.
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For the relationship between body and white body, theorists have always seen its opposite. Even in recent years, scholars who put forward a re-evaluation of Kunxi style emphasize that Kunxi style "is a deliberate reaction to this vulgar and shallow singing and poetic style", and "Yang Yi and others take it as their responsibility to change the poetic style". In fact, the evolution of poetic style is a very complicated dynamic process. The emergence of a new poetic style not only means the subversion and negation of the old poetic style, but also the result of inheriting and absorbing some factors of the old poetic style and the transformation and transformation of the old factors under the new conditions. Mr. Wang Shuizhao said: "The three-body poems in the early Song Dynasty, that is, the white style, the late Tang style and the Kunxi style, are of course imitating the hearts of the Tang people, as if stepping on martial arts. Even the creators of "Song Tune" who started from Mei, Ouyang Xiu's "New School of Change" are still under the control of "Innovation Desire", showing their admiration for the previous generation's poetry tradition and incisively revealing the inheritance and innovation in the evolution of the Song Dynasty's poetry style. It can be said that Quincy style evolved on the basis of white style. The two styles infiltrated and repelled each other and developed in parallel for a period, which finally catalyzed the independence of Song poetry.
Yang Yi writes poems in white. Zhenzong (998- 1003) Yang Yi's poems in the early years of Xianping were in white. Li, Zhao Jiong, Li Wei, Zhang Bing, Song, etc. All the singers who sang with him were Baiti as a teacher, and Li was the son of the leader of Baiti poetry in the early Song Dynasty. Wang Dan, a contemporary who knew Yang Yi, said: "If Liu Yun, Song Shou and Yan Shu are literary successors, those who have authenticity, harmony and style will start from 100 million." (Long Editor-in-Chief Zi Zhi Tong Jian (Volume 85) Eight Years of Zhenzong Dazhong Xiangfu)
The so-called "Zhenyuan, Yuanhe Style" here should refer to the poems of Yuan Zhen, Liu Yuxi and Bai Juyi in the middle Tang Dynasty. It is particularly important to emphasize that during the two or three years when Emperor Taizong Chunhua (99 1-992) and Wang Yucheng demoted officials and businessmen, the poems in white style were mainly satirical, which had a great influence for a while. Later, in the first year of Xianping (998), Yang Yizhi was in the state, and in the third year (1000). For example, people's cattle suffered from epidemic death, many prisoners were imprisoned, Wen Bei Shi Kejie Xi Yong Cheng and so on. Most of them are works that interfere with the current situation and change the singing style and poetic style of the court. Their poetic content and style orientation are consistent with Wang Yucheng's "Shangzhou Poetry", which mostly involves composition and satire. These poems show that a scholar like Yang Yi, as long as he has a proper life foundation, can learn the white body from the tradition of satirizing the Oracle and intend to sing leisurely.
At the same time, it should be noted that when the court sang and Yang Yi was immersed in the white body, he had already begun to learn Li Shangyin's poems. According to his own statement, it was in the late Tang Taizong period: "In Taoism, I occasionally got more than 100 poems written by Yu Xi, which I liked very much, but I didn't get deep interest." In their spare time, Xianping and Jingdezhen searched for the poems of the famous poets of the previous generation ... because they tried hard to seek interviews, they got 582 rhymes with five or seven words. (The Garden of Song Dynasty in Jiang's Record, and the Sound of Yuxi is quoted from Yang Wengong's Altar Garden)
This self-report shows that while Yang Yi wrote a lot of poems in white style, she came into contact with Li Shangyin's poems from Renzong to Daoism (995-997) and loved them very much. In the fourth year of Xianping (100 1), Yang Yichu and Yu Shu took the exam together. "Because I read the poem leaning on the mountain, I love a unique cloud:' The pearl box is light and bright, the jade blows, and the new temple is full of fragrance. You don't have to watch all the dragon fish plays, but in the end you will be angry with the king and suppress the teacher. "Clap your hands and sigh, and say,' The words of the ancients are so profound and wonderful that they are moving. In the second year of Jingdezhen (1005), Yang Yi was appointed as the actual host, which created the best conditions for him to take office as a "historian" and compare the past with the present. The irony spirit of Bai Juyi's poems was obtained in the specific creative opportunity of singing in the pavilion. This is what people said at that time, "Yang Yi changed his style of writing because he was forbidden in two places" (Tian Kuang's "Scholars"), and Yang Yi's poems in "Collection of Rewards and Singing" formally showed his achievements in entering the white style and finally integrating with Li Shangyin's poetics. In fact, the body is a mixture of white body and Yishan body (including Tang body, see below).
Although the poetic style of Bai style was not "cut off" because of the appearance of Bai style, it continued to Renzong Dynasty in the court poetry circle. However, in Yang Yi's works, the theme of poetry has changed from caring for reality and observing characters in the satirical poems of the Westernization School to singing history and expressing feelings in the pavilion. Its form is no longer elegant in white body, but profound, colorful and exquisite in a mountain.
Of course, its popularity is not only due to the personal preferences of Yang and Liu, but also related to the fact that the imperial examinations in the early Song Dynasty still followed the old system in the Tang Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Taizong and Emperor Zhenzong, the imperial examination was still composed of poetry, classics and tactics, but it was decided by the first poem and prose, so formal poetry was all the rage. It is no accident that Yang and Xue and Li Shangyin complement each other. When they met, their "elegant demeanor stirred the world". Ouyang Xiu once recalled: "This was written by scholars in the world, Yang and Liu, with the title" Today's Essays ". Those who can take the imperial examination are good at fame, boasting that they are proud of this world and have never written in Korean. " In recommending Jinshi, it is our duty to do poetry and prose. "In addition to the imperial examination, in terms of creative mentality, the identity of the poet is more cultural than that of the representative of the vernacular school in the early Song Dynasty, which is more in line with the introverted trend of Song Wenhua. This is manifested in the emphasis on knowledge accumulation and cultural literacy. " All Kunqu movements should be based on one thing, such as stories, names, years, treasures, splendid scenery and so on. It should be regarded as a fact "(Volume XVIII of Ying Sui), and" It is not easy for a talented person to study and learn "(Volume III). As far as Yang Yi is concerned, "100 million people are naturally enlightened, and calligraphy is indispensable from an early age. Govin is full of energy and quick thinking. He keeps talking and laughing with his guests, and he never stops talking. Rigorous and methodical, good at fine writing, drafting a picture of thousands of words, without adding some words, scholars at that time lived alone. "But he is good at learning and remembering, especially in the legal system, and he always makes the right decisions." (Biography of Yang Yi in the History of Song Dynasty) Yang Yi herself once talked about her intentional pursuit of education: "Study hard, resist the desire of the previous dynasty, look forward to the elegance of the ancestors, and think about the author's pot." (Preface to Wuyi New Collection) Li Shangyin's poems have both inner beauty and outer beauty, and should be based on knowledge and cultivation. Yang Yi commented that Yu Xi's poems are "brilliant, elegant and elegant, rich in meaning, fluent in interpretation, endless in charm and inexhaustible in drilling" (Yang Wengong talks about the garden quoted from the Song Dynasty Fact Garden)
Therefore, although the true Sect is still plain in white, ignoring Quincy's elegance, forbidding the glitz of articles, and deliberately snubbing Yang Yi in some singing occasions, Quincy style can still prevail in the world, and later generations are eager for it. Thus, "among national auspicious symbols, the folk customs are peaceful, and the writing rate is better than that of algae" (Yang Wengong's "Talking about the Garden in the Song Dynasty"); Even Ouyang Xiu praised Xi Kun? Quot Wang Anshi also likes his erudite writing and has to do it "(Poem on June 1st).