Overview
In ancient times, it refers to the pre-Qin and Han dynasties. What the Chinese *** homologous initial consonant system looked like in ancient times still requires further research. Here we introduce some of the main features of the ancient initial consonant system.
Compared with the study of ancient finals, there are much fewer materials for the study of initial consonants. The materials that can be used for the study of ancient initial consonants include homophonic materials, ancient phonetic notation materials, Tongjie variant materials, vocal training materials, and antiphonal materials. Materials, dialect materials and Sino-Tibetan language materials. Based on these materials, scholars have studied several main features of the ancient Chinese initial consonant system.
There are no light labial sounds in ancient times
The first law of the evolution of Chinese initial consonants was first proposed by Qian Daxin, a historian and Chinese philologist in the Qing Dynasty, in "Shi Jia Zhai Yang Xin Lu" . "There were no light labial sounds in ancient times" means that the labial initial consonants in ancient times only had the "heavy labial sound" initial consonants of the "bang" group, and there were no "light labial sound" initial consonants of the "non" group, that is, there were only bilabial sound initials "bang [p]", "Pang [p']", "bin", "ming [m]", no labiodental initials "fei [pf]", "fu [pf']", "feng [v]", "wei [w] ". Labiodental initials evolve from bilabial initials. For example, "generation" is pronounced with a bilabial sound, indicating that the "fei" next to "" above "" was pronounced with a bilabial sound in ancient times. These traces are still preserved in Chinese dialects. For example, in Hengshan, Hunan, the initial consonants of "floating (rising)", "hatching (chicken cub)" and "(黄)bee" are pronounced "robe", "holding" and "cooking" respectively. "Feng, Feng, Xiu" in Dong'an, Hunan is pronounced as "Peng".
This conclusion is mainly based on the large number of Tongjie variants, phonetic notations, phonetic training materials and homophonic characters in ancient classical books, for example:
Tongjie variants:
Fengyu/Bangyu Fulou/Bulou Fufu/Climbing Fuxi/Fuxi Wuqing/Manqing Fenshui/Baishui
Ancient phonetic notation:
《 "Shuowen·Nvbu": "娓, pronounced like Mei."
"Shuowen·Roubu": "崴, pronounced like Mo."
Voice training materials:< /p>
"Shi Ming·Shi Zhouguo": "Bang means to be granted a title, and the title is meritorious."
"Shi Ming·Shi Zirong": "Bear means to carry on the back of the neck. "Wang, boundless, farsighted."
"Shi Ming Shi Gong Shi": "Fang, side, on both sides of the hall."
"Er Ya·". "Explanation": "Extensive, nothing."
Hymonic word:
Fei - Bei Pei Pei
Rebellion - Banban rebellion< /p>
Fan - Bo Pan Pan Po
Feng - stick holding Pan Pan Po
Wei - Mei Mei Mei Mei
The above The material can fully explain that the heavy labial sounds and light labial sounds in ancient times were mixed without distinction, but it is not enough to explain that "there were no light labial sounds in ancient times". Modern dialects can prove it. In some dialects, many words with a light labial sound are pronounced as words with a heavy labial sound, but generally no words with a heavy labial sound are pronounced as words with a light labial sound. This proves the historical sound change phenomenon of heavy labial sounds becoming light labial sounds.
There is no upper tongue sound in ancient times
A law of the evolution of Chinese initial consonants first proposed by Qian Daxin, a historian and Chinese philologist in the Qing Dynasty, in "Shi Jia Zhai Yang Xin Lu". "Ancient no upper tongue consonants" means that in the ancient initial consonant system, there are only the group of tongue initial consonants "duan [t]", "through [t']", "ding [d]" and "ni [n]". There are no upper-lingual initial consonants such as "Zhi", "Che", "Cheng", and "Niang". The upper tongue initial consonants were later differentiated from the group of initial consonants of the tongue sounds "duan[t]", "通[t']", "ding[d]" and "ni[n]". Until now, some dialects still only have the tongue sound in them. For example, in the Hengshan dialect of Hunan, "Li (Tou)" is pronounced as "Di", and "(Fei) Li" is pronounced as "Li". There are also dialects in southern Fujian where the initial consonant of "pig" is [d], the initial consonant of "Chen" is [t].
This is also proposed based on the large number of different texts, phonetic notations, phonetic training materials and homophones in ancient classical books. For example:
Tongfake variant:
Chongzi/Tongzi Tianzhu/Shendu Hutuo/Huchi Mengzhu/Mingdu Zhuizhuo/Diaozhuozhi/Special
Ancient phonetic notation:
"Shuowen·Shuibu": "Chong, read as if moving."
"Classic Interpretation": "Insect, Xu Miao Yin Tu Dong rebels." "Zhao, the disciple rebelled." "Zhu, the disciple Wo rebelled." "Nephew, Dajie rebelled." "Chai, rebelled with many thunders, and rebelled against him."
Voice training material:
p>"Shuowen·Fubu": "Zhi, Dengye."
"Shuowen·Tianbu": "Tian, ??Chenye."
The homophonic word :
Deng--Chengchengzhengjiao
Zhao--Peach escapes and jumps over the view
Zhuo--Diao Miao Nao
Zhao - 袁笤苕荩
Chong - Dong Dong 恸湩
In addition, in modern southern dialects such as Pinghua and Min dialect in northern Guangxi, there are many ancient supraglingual initials Pronounced as the initial consonant of the tongue. The ancient book data listed above show that there was no distinction between the initial consonants of tongue and supralingual sounds in Chinese in ancient times. However, in modern Pinghua and Fujian dialects, the initial consonants of the supralingual consonants "Zhi" group are pronounced as the initial consonants of the "Duan" group, which proves that "there was no distinction in ancient times". Supratongual sound" conclusion.
The mother-in-law will return to the mud with two new ties
The conclusion that "the mother-in-law will return to the mud with two new ties" was proposed by Zhang Taiyan. This means that the "mother" mother and "ri" mother in medieval Chinese did not exist in ancient Chinese, and they were classified as the "ni" mother in ancient times. There is no problem with "Niang" mother being the mother of "Ni". According to Wang Li's opinion, "Qie Yun" does not yet have a "Niang" mother. There are still different opinions in the academic world on the conclusion that the mother of "sun" belongs to the mother of "ni". Some believe that there was a mother of "sun" in ancient times, while others think that the mother of "sun" should be classified as the mother of "ni". From the analysis of homophonic materials, the relationship between the two initial consonants of "Ri" and "Ni" is indeed very close in ancient times. "Ru" and "Ru" both use the character "女" as the consonant symbol, and "女" belongs to the initial consonant of "Ni". "Ru" and "Ru" belong to the mother of "Ri"; "Ni" and "Nuo" use "Ruo" as the sound symbol, "Ni" and "Nuo" belong to the mother of "Ni", and "Ruo" belongs to the mother of "Ri".
The metaphor of three returns to the box and the metaphor of the four returns to concentration
"The metaphor of the three returns to the box" and "the metaphor of the four returns to concentration" were proposed by Zeng Yunqian. This means that the medieval "Yu" mother was divided into two in ancient times. The third grade of the "Yu" mother was classified into the "Xia" mother, and the fourth grade of the "Yu" mother was classified into the "Ding" mother. The conclusion that "Yu" three returns to "Xia" has been accepted by most people. According to Wang Li's conclusion, "Yu" three (some scholars call it the mother of "Yu" or the mother of "Yun") did not exist at the time of Qie Yun. Separate from the "box" mother. Most scholars do not accept the conclusion that the four elements of "Yu" return to "Ding". From the analysis of homophonic materials, the relationship between the tongue of "Yu" four and the mother of "ding" in ancient times was relatively close. Its sound value should be a certain sound in the middle tone of the tip of the tongue, and it is definitely not the medieval semi-vowel [j], "地" The word "Ye" is used as the phonetic symbol, "Di" belongs to the mother of "Ding", and "Ye" belongs to the fourth element of "Yu"; "Yi" uses the character "Duo" as the phonetic symbol, "Duo" belongs to the mother of "Duan", " "Yi" belongs to "Yu" four; "Steal" uses the character "Yu" as its sound symbol, "Steal" belongs to the mother of "TU", and "Yu" belongs to "Yu" four.
Zhao Er Gui Jing, Zhao San Gui Duan
The so-called "Zhao Er Gui Jing, Zhao San Gui Duan" means that in ancient times, the medieval "Zhuang" group ( "Zhao" 2) is closely related to the "Jing" group, and the "Zhang" group ("Zhao" 3) is closely related to the "Duan" group, and they are very similar in pronunciation. This view was mainly put forward by Huang Kan, and academic circles still have different views on this conclusion. From the analysis of various materials, the relationship between "Zhao" two and the "Jing" group, and "Zhao" three and the "Duan" group in ancient times is indeed very close. The word Xu Miao sounds like "zaijianfan", "浞" and "Zhan" belong to the "zhao" group, and "zai" belongs to the "jing" group; "sou" and "溲" use "sou" as the sound symbol, and "sou" and "sou" "溲" belongs to the "Zhao" group, and "Sou" belongs to the "Jing" group. "Ang", "狞", "闘" and "阗" use the word "zhen" as the sound symbol. "Ang", "狞" and "zhen" belong to the "zhao" three, "chuan" and "阗" belong to the "duan" group; "Diagnosis", "rash" and "die" are the same sounds. "Zhen", "diagnosis" and "rash" belong to the "zhao" three, and the word "die" belongs to the "duan" group; "diao" and "輖" use the word "zhou" As for the sound talisman, "Diao" and "輖" belong to the "Duan" group, and "Zhou" belongs to the "Zhao" group.
Voiceless nasals and voiceless laterals
Li Fanggui proposed in the book "Research on Ancient Phonetics" that ancient Chinese had voiceless nasals and voiceless laterals, and proposed a formula for ancient Chinese. A set of voiceless nasals hm, hn, and hng that are opposite to the nasals m, n, and ng, and a voiceless lateral sound hl that is opposite to the lateral l. The reason why this hypothesis is put forward is to explain the harmonic phenomena like the following: every - regret, Nan - Tan, Wu - Xu, Lai - Ta, etc. Li Fanggui's view is generally agreed upon by academic circles.
In addition to the above conclusions, the relationship between the initial consonants of the medieval "Zhang" group and the "Duan (Zhi)" group and the initial consonants of the "Jian" group in ancient times has also attracted the attention of academic circles. Some of the initial consonants of the Zhang group in the Middle Ages have a homophonic relationship with the initial consonants of the Jian group. For example, the initial consonants of "Zhi" and "Zhi" belong to the "Zhang" group, while the "Ji", "Prostitute", "Qi" and "跂", which have a homophonic relationship with the two characters, belong to the "Zhang" group. In the "jian" group, "hub", "drive" and "栠" all use the word "qu" as the sound symbol. "Drive", "pu" and "district" belong to the "jian" group, and the word "hub" belongs to the "zhang" group. Other materials also reflect that some characters with the initial consonant of the "Zhang" group were related to the initial consonants of the "Jian" group in ancient times. For example, the character "Zhi" often translated the Sanskrit ke syllable in the Sanskrit-Chinese antiphonal materials of the Three Kingdoms of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Some of the initial consonants of the "Duan" group are also related to the initial consonants of the Jian group in ancient Chinese, such as "Shuowen": "喖 means food. It is made from the mouth. The pronunciation and meaning are the same." It belongs to the mother of "ding", and the character "han" belongs to the mother of "box". The word "啖" has the same sound as the word "氖", and the word "氖" belongs to the parent of "Xia". The academic community has noticed the relationship between the two initial consonants of "Zhang" and "Duan" and the "Jian" group in ancient times. However, what is the relationship? Currently, the opinions of various scholars are not unified, and further research is needed.