The basic method of sentence breaking:
1. Understand this sentence. To break sentences in classical Chinese, we must first read through the whole text and understand the meaning of the text, which is the premise of breaking sentences. If we take it for granted, it is easy to make mistakes. Read through the full text to find out what style it belongs to, what it has written and what it wants to express. We should pay attention to the characteristics of monosyllabic words in classical Chinese, grasp the translation of several key words and understand the general idea of paragraphs.
2. Use dialogue symbols to break sentences. It is often marked by "yue", "cloud" and "speech". They usually write their names in the first question and answer, and then only use "yue" to omit the subject. When you meet a dialogue, you should judge the questioner and the respondent according to the context, and distinguish between sentences and reading.
3. Break sentences with the help of function words in classical Chinese. There are no punctuation marks in ancient Chinese. In order to distinguish sentences clearly, function words have become an important symbol. Especially before and after some modal particles and conjunctions, it is often the place where sentences are broken. In classical Chinese, function words are often used to express feelings or feelings.
The first few words of a sentence: Fu, Gai, Zhi Ruo, Ruofu, Chu, Wei, Si, Jin, Fan, Ye, Qian, Please, Jing, etc. Often used at the beginning of sentences, they are usually unconnected before them.
Words at the end of the sentence: Ye, Yi, Yan, Er, etc. Often used to state the end of a sentence; Yesi and evil (yee often used at the end of questions. In, fu and so on are often used at the end of exclamatory sentences. It is usually disconnected at the back.
Interrogative modal particles: He, Hu, An, Bi, Mi, Yan, who, who, what, what, what, what, what can generally constitute interrogative sentences, and sentences can be broken as long as the context is well understood.
Related words in compound sentences: although, though, vertically, even if, if, therefore, then, naturally, or, conditions, conditions, if, as for, even if, then, whether, no, they are generally broken in front of them.
Others, such as: to, to, to, to, and, are often used in sentences, and there are generally no sentences before and after; When the "and" table turns, followed by a long and complete sentence, the "and" in front will be broken.
4. Find out the verbs and clarify the meaning of the sentence. In ancient Chinese, sentences were mostly centered on verbs or adjectives. Find out the predicate of verbs or adjectives, then distinguish independent sentences and clarify the meaning of sentences, so as to break sentences correctly. For example, in 2004, the Beijing examination paper ① Ma died without cause, and everyone failed. The verbs in the sentence are "death", "entry" and "hanging", so two sentences can be distinguished. His horse came back, and Hu Majun/everyone congratulated him. The verbs in the sentence are "Jiang", "Gui" and "He", which can distinguish two sentences.
5. Use nouns (pronouns) to break sentences. Generally speaking, a complete sentence has a subject, a predicate and an object, and the subject is usually served by a noun or pronoun. Nouns are generally the objects of statement, description, explanation or discussion in articles, and they often break sentences before and after. Nouns (pronouns) are often used as the subject and object of sentences. So find out the nouns or pronouns that appear repeatedly in the text, and you can basically break sentences. Common pronouns are: I, Yu (meaning "I"), Yu, Er, Ru (female), Gong, Qing, Jun, Ruo (meaning "you"), Bi, Ben, Qi and Qi (meaning "he").
6. Break sentences with the help of grammatical structure. In classical Chinese grammar, there are some fixed structures, such as "those who are … are also" "people who are not … concerned", "what's there" and "people who care about …"
7. Use the total score relationship to break sentences. In classical Chinese, "always talk about sharing" or "share sharing" is often used. Mastering this writing method is very helpful to break sentences. For example, in the last paragraph of "Taking Attack as Strategy", "He who knows his five skills wins/he who knows his number wins/he who wants to win/he who worries about his ignorance wins/he who can fight without defending wins." This is obviously the way to talk about sharing all the time. For another example, "an old man without a wife said he was widowed/an old man without a husband said he was widowed/an old man without a son said he was lonely/a young man without a father said he was lonely/there were no accusers in these four poor people", which is obviously a way of writing.
8. Interrogate sentences with the help of rhetoric such as contrast, duality, parallelism and truth. In classical Chinese, antithesis and parallelism often appear. Grasping this feature, you can often get the effect of breaking one place and then breaking several places.
For example, according to the letter, the monarch and his subjects stuck to Yongzhou land and saw that Zhoushi had the intention of sweeping the world, embracing the four seas and devouring the eight famine. He legislated internally in time, cultivated and repaired the equipment to defend the war, and fought against the vassals outside Lian Heng, so the Qin people surrendered and took the Xijiang River outside.
In this passage, "the land of Kanhan/Yongzhou" is dual; "Sweeping the world/covering the whole world/covering the four seas/annexing the Eight Wastes" is parallelism; "Inside" and "outside" are contrasts. According to such language characteristics, it is much easier to break sentences.
Ding is really a common form in classical Chinese. The sentence is continuous, and the word that is the object in the previous sentence is the subject in the latter sentence. For example, "fear means thinking, and thinking means staring." According to this feature, we can also determine the reading of sentences. "If the name is irregular, it will not work/if the name is irregular, it will be embarrassing/embarrassing, and it will not be punished." .
9. Use symmetrical sentence patterns. When solving problems, pay attention to the characteristics of neat symmetry, the same number of words and the same structure of upper and lower sentences in ancient Chinese. For example, "So, happiness is a curse/curse is a blessing/unfathomable/unfathomable", the sentence pattern is neat, and it is all four words and one sentence, according to which the sentence can be correctly broken.
2. What are the skills for the pause of writing in classical Chinese? There are six main aspects:
1, understand the meaning according to punctuation, and grasp the natural pause inside the sentence;
2. Master the characteristics of words used in classical Chinese (for example, some disyllabic words in modern Chinese are two monosyllabic words in classical Chinese, which need to be read separately) and read words correctly;
3. With the help of grammar knowledge, analyze the sentence structure for reading and pausing.
A. there needs to be a pause between the subject and the predicate.
In verb-object phrases, there should be a pause between the verb and the object.
C. when the guests are arranged in the back row, there should be a pause in front.
D, prepositional object, followed by pause between subjects,
E, pause before turning conjunctions,
F, pause after the demonstrative pronoun,
G, determining pause rhythm according to mood auxiliary words;
4. If there are words such as "Fu", "Gai" and "Qi" in some sentences that express the tone of discussion, inference and rhetorical question, they should be paused afterwards;
5. Generally speaking, don't stop the phrases of "partial meaning" and "prepositional object", otherwise it will affect the general idea of the article;
6. Special instructions,
A, understand the ancient country name, year number, official position, place name, name, so as to avoid mistakes.
B, pause should reflect the omitted part,
There should also be a pause after the words indicating time and position.
It should be pointed out that:
1, don't be too trivial when dividing the rhythm pause;
2. You can't copy it mechanically. You should combine the context and study it again and again. On the basis of fully and correctly understanding the meaning of the sentence, we can find the correct pause position.
3. How to break sentences in ancient Chinese can be divided into four steps:
1, read the full text and understand the main idea.
First of all, we should correctly judge the style of sentences to be broken. If it is a biography with a story, it is necessary to master its general plot, central events and character relationships; If it is an argument, it is necessary to clarify the discussion center of this article, and then further clarify the logical relationship between the front and back according to the center. In short, before breaking sentences, you must read through the given article several times and try to grasp the main idea of the article as much as possible.
2, step by step, easy first and then difficult.
On the basis of reading the passage and grasping the meaning of the text, first break the part that is sure, then break the part that is not sure. Like this passage, there are incense burner peak, Love Temple, Youjia Lushan Mountain and Autumn in the Eleventh Year of Yuanhe. What is more difficult to break is that "the northern mountain peak is the best in the world", "its territory is the best in the world" and "if a traveler travels far to his hometown".
For the parts that are easy to break sentences, you can directly add diagonal lines or punctuation marks; For those who are temporarily uncertain, we can put them aside for final consideration.
3, with the help of "characteristics", skillfully break sentences.
There are two main types of "features", that is, special words: one is verbs such as "yue" and "rhyme", and the other is function words. Pay special attention to function words, because they are frequently used and have strong grammatical functions. With the help of function words, we can accurately break sentences.
Special words play a role in breaking sentences, which can be summarized as follows: colon (:) after "Yue", exclamation point (! ), "Gai" and "Fu" are mostly at the beginning of a sentence, while "Yu", "Er", "Ze" and "Yi" are generally in the middle, and "Ye" and "Hu" often express doubts (? ), "one" and "two" are followed by a circle (. ), "Ye", "Zhe" pause, or the sentence (. ) or tease (,) as the case may be.
4. Pay attention to sentence patterns and help break sentences.
The ancients used neat sentences, or parallelism, or duality, or symmetry. This form can sometimes help us punctuate sentences accurately. For example, the above paragraph "Shanbeifeng said Luxiangfeng North Temple said Ai Yi Temple" can be decomposed into "Shanbeifeng said Luxiang/Fengbei Temple said Ai Yi Temple" according to the symmetrical sentence structure.
Extended data:
The characteristics of classical Chinese:
1, grammatical features
The grammatical features of classical Chinese are mainly manifested in parts of speech and word order. Generally speaking, classical Chinese uses parts of speech more flexibly than vernacular Chinese.
2. Lexical features
There are great differences in vocabulary between classical Chinese and vernacular Chinese. This difference must usually be listed in the form of a dictionary or dictionary in order to fully express it. But there is one characteristic that can be generally observed: the vocabulary of classical Chinese is relatively concise.