Preface to Hunan My friend Luo is from Xiangtan. He showed me his Zheng Wen in Hunan 190 volume and asked me to preface it for him and put it in front of the book. Zeng Guofan, I feel ignorant, old and weak. Where can I talk about articles? Personally, I think ancient articles have no grammar. There are no words copied from each other in the stylistic expressions of classic works such as Yi, Shu, Shi, Yi Li and Chunqiu. Hundred schools of thought also became an organic whole during the Zhou and Qin Dynasties. Using these standards to measure, dividing these as if golden jade is different from flowers and trees, how can there be so-called grammar? Later generations could not write articles originally, but imitated them with reference to the articles created by the ancients, so some of them conformed to the practices of the ancients, while others deviated from them. This grammar of writing articles cannot be named after "Fa". If you don't antique people, you will naturally form an article in your heart. The article probably has two aspects: one is reason and the other is emotion. Both are inherent to everyone. Praise what I know, write it down with a pen and record it in a book, pass it on from generation to generation, praise my love, hate, sadness and joy, and make the text easy to understand, just like opening my heart to state strategies. These are all natural articles. A sincere person can basically do it. However, there is no limit to the depth of content and the subtlety of skills. Except for all kinds of classics, most of the works of a hundred schools of thought have advantages. Those who win by reason are mostly profound and extreme, and their disadvantages are either excessive or slow to lose the golden mean; What wins with emotion is mostly touching language, but its shortcoming is often flowery rhetoric and lack of actual content. From the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty, most scholars and gifted scholars were unreasonable, and their words were mostly parallel prose. Even when discussing state affairs and judging ceremonies, it is often decorated with parallel poems, with graceful voices in the middle, which has not changed in the Tang Dynasty ... Hunan, as a state, borders on the Yangtze River in the north, Wuling in the south and Sichuan in Guizhou in the west, is a place where Miao tribes live together, which is probably a relatively remote and desolate mountainous area. But at the end of the Zhou Dynasty, Qu Yuan was born here, and famous works such as Li Sao were called "the ancestor of emotion" by later generations. In the Song Dynasty, Zhou Dunyi was born here again. He wrote Illustration of Taiji and Shu Tong, and later became the father of Li Yi. These two sages did not learn from their predecessors, but created great works. In the world, it can be compared with the Book of Songs and the Book of Changes, and in the next world, it can be compared with a hundred generations of talented people, and no one can go beyond its scope. What's more, future generations of Hunan people are all influenced by them? This anthology contains about six-tenths of articles that are longer than reasoning and about four-tenths of articles that are longer than romance. However, the parallel prose is very literary and the grammar is not chaotic. It's just that there are too few research articles collected. What the predecessors advocated was not carried forward, and there were not many articles envied by later generations. Luo Zhi-zhi, textual research on Shuowen to explore the accessibility of the text, annotation to the symbol of the Ming region, originally understood the textual research experts' theory, but the article only advocated the main points of genre, did not advocate the complexity as a reference, and chose its strengths without indulging its shortcomings. This seems to be the reason why gentlemen choose their skills carefully!
Knowledge points:
First, the characteristics of content words commonly used in classical Chinese
(A) Monosyllabic-In ancient Chinese, monosyllabic words dominated. Disyllabic words are mainly disyllabic words, overlapping words, onomatopoeic words, disyllabic words and loanwords, and the number is small. Disyllabic words can be divided into disyllabic words and disyllabic structures (two monosyllabic words are used together);
Attachment: polysyllabic notional words (one polysyllabic word) and polysyllabic structure of notional words (two monosyllabic words)
(2) Flexible use-in a specific language environment, a word temporarily changes its grammatical function and has the grammatical characteristics of another kind of word. This phenomenon is called flexible use of parts of speech.
(1) General flexible use of nouns, verbs, adjectives and numerals
Types and Rules of Example Translation
Nouns as adverbials use people or things represented by nouns as metaphors to express the characteristics and state of actions.
(2) Causative usage and conative usage
Translation interpretation of flexible example sentences
The causative usage of the verb Xiang Bo's murder, the action of a minister+object = reason+object+verb can sometimes be translated into a verb-complement word.
(3) Polysemy-the polysemy of notional words in classical Chinese comes from the original meaning of words, and the extended meaning is related to the original meaning.
(d) Proximity-Some concepts are not very obvious in modern Chinese, but may be subdivided in ancient Chinese to form a series of synonyms. For example, there are more than 20 verbs about "look". Besides "look, look, look, look, look", there are many words that show subtle differences in expression and emotion.
(5) Pass the holiday-replace this word with words with the same or similar pronunciation, which seems to be similar to writing typos today, but it is a habit in the ancients. (Familiar with the appendix "Tong Jia Zi" on the side of Golden Sun Test Case 165)
Find the content corresponding to these points by yourself, and we are here to help (* _ _ *)