How to apply social psychology in community management and service according to what you have learned?

How is human perception formed and what are the general factors that affect it? People's thinking can generally be divided into several types, how to evaluate people's thinking; What is the general process of human memory, and how to effectively prevent forgetting; What are the types of human temperament and personality, what are the general characteristics of each temperament and personality, and so on. Generally speaking, these laws apply to anyone and any activity. Management psychology is to use the general laws of psychology to solve people's psychological problems in the management process and make them concrete in the management field. It mainly studies the laws of people's psychology and behavior in an organization, so as to improve managers' ability to predict, guide and control people's psychology and behavior and achieve organizational goals more effectively. For example, mobilizing the enthusiasm of employees is an important issue in management. As a manager, we should mobilize the enthusiasm of all employees so that they can perform their duties creatively, thus effectively achieving organizational goals. In order to arouse the enthusiasm of employees, it is necessary to use the general laws of psychology to analyze the needs and motivations of people in an organization, analyze the general psychological process that produces positive behavior, and study which factors can best motivate employees psychologically and how to maintain and strengthen their positive behavior. These are all problems that management psychology should study. For another example, decision-making is also an important issue in management. Whether the leaders of enterprises and institutions can make correct decisions will play an important role in the development of an enterprise and institution. The so-called decision-making, from the psychological point of view, is actually the process of human thinking and will. Before making a decision, the leaders of enterprises and institutions should first process all aspects of their own units, remove the rough and extract the fine, and discard the false and retain the true; Then on this basis, several alternative decision-making schemes are worked out, and the best scheme is selected from these schemes. Only in this way can we make the right decision. This process is essentially a thinking process, that is, a person's advanced cognitive process. At the same time, leaders of enterprises and institutions need to have the will to make decisive decisions when making correct and timely decisions. Otherwise, leaders are indecisive, indecisive, decisive and unpractical, and lack strong will quality, which also leads to the inability to make correct decisions in time. Therefore, management psychology is to apply the general laws of psychology to actual management and solve specific problems in management. It can be seen that general psychology is the basis of management psychology, and management psychology is the concrete application of the laws of general psychology in the management process. They are general and special, trunks and branches [2]. This section "Research and Application of Management Psychology" edited by China has rich management psychology thoughts since ancient times. For example, Sun Wu, a strategist at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, wrote in Sun Tzu's Art of War: "A Taoist can make the people agree with him, so he can die with him and live with him without fear of danger." Sun Wu emphasized the importance of coordination between leaders and subordinates, which is also a very important principle of management psychology today [3]. China's ancient management philosophy is fully embodied in the debate about human nature. Xunzi believes that "the master's nature is today, hunger is full, cold is warm, fatigue is resting, and this person's temperament is also" ("Xunzi's evil nature"). Mencius believed that "human nature is good as water." China's thought of ancient management psychology has been widely valued by management psychologists, and China's ancient books have also become a must-read for training managers in some countries. However, the emergence and development of management psychology is closely related to modern mass production. At the end of 19, capitalism was developed, production scale was expanding day by day, and enterprise management was more complicated. Labor organization and reasonable arrangement have also been put on the scientific research agenda. At this time, the School of Scientific Management appeared, represented by Taylor. Taylor focused on the rationalization of workers' operation, but he regarded people as economic men and ignored their sociality. World War I promoted the development of management psychology, and all participating countries tried to use psychological principles to improve management, increase production and serve the war. For example, formulate methods for personnel selection and training, study the most effective organizational form, and adjust the relationship between workers and managers. After the war, the development of industrial production raised some new problems, such as the role of social factors in production. A group of experts, led by social psychologist Mayo, conducted Hawthorne experiments and put forward the idea of "social man". In their view, material stimulation alone cannot guarantee to mobilize the enthusiasm of workers. Good interpersonal relationships and favorable social conditions are more closely related to work efficiency. In addition, they also put forward the role of informal organizations in groups. The development of engineering psychology in World War II emphasized the study of man-machine relationship, and also put forward the problem of solving the relationship between people and organizations. After the war, many scholars summed up the wartime experience and thought it necessary to establish a comprehensive science to study human behavior, and thought that people and society, people and production can be considered in a unified way. Therefore, the name "behavioral science" was put forward at a seminar of the University of Chicago in the United States from 65438 to 0949. Later, the Ford Foundation of the United States gave financial support. Many universities have carried out research on behavioral science and published journals on behavioral science. Because the name of behavioral science is too broad, some people include behavioral research and animal behavior research in medicine, which can't highlight the work related to production management. Therefore, many units and experts later adopted the name of organizational behavior or organizational psychology, especially the study of individual and group behavior in an organization. In China, the name of management psychology is often used. Management psychology mainly studies the individual characteristics of people related to organizational behavior, such as motivation, ability and sexual orientation. Group characteristics of people, such as the classification of groups and the interaction between people and organizations; Characteristics of leadership behavior, such as leadership style, leadership evaluation and training. Organizational theory and organizational change, such as organizational model, organizational change and organizational development research; The research on the quality of working life focuses on improving the working environment, enriching and expanding the work, in order to mobilize the enthusiasm of employees and improve productivity; Cross-cultural management psychology compares the similarities and differences of management behaviors in different regions, countries, social systems and cultural backgrounds, and provides scientific basis for international economic exchanges and cooperative enterprises. In terms of research methods, management psychology does not have a universal method to solve all problems. Mainly based on the research methods of psychology and sociology, such as observation, interview, questionnaire, case analysis, quasi-experimental research, social investigation, public opinion survey and so on. Combined with management practice, according to different situations and problems, appropriate methods are adopted to make the solution of problems have an objective and scientific basis. The editing method of observation method in management psychology research is a research method that directly observes people's behavior in an organization with purpose and plan under daily natural and social conditions without manual intervention. The experimental method is that the researcher actively causes the behavior changes of the subjects by strictly controlling or creating conditions. The case book survey of management psychology is a method to indirectly understand the psychological activities of people in organizations by collecting various materials. The survey methods include conversation and questionnaire survey. Test method is a method to measure people's psychological quality according to the standardized measurement table made in advance. Case law is also called case law. Advantages and disadvantages of various research methods in editing this paragraph 1, observation method: advantages: easy to use, real disadvantages of the obtained materials: it is difficult to passively wait for the occurrence of related phenomena, it is difficult to quantify the obtained materials, and it is difficult to determine the real reason of a certain behavior phenomenon. 2. Experimental method: Advantages: The researcher is in an active position and can cause some behavioral phenomena in a planned way; Researchers can control all irrelevant variables, taking system control as the change condition of independent variables; Researchers can make a certain behavior happen repeatedly under the same conditions, and repeatedly observe and verify the shortcomings: the artificial and psychological phenomena in the laboratory are too simplistic, so there is a certain gap between the results obtained and the actual situation. 3. Investigation method: (1) Conversation method: Advantages: Conversation method is simple and easy to obtain information quickly. Disadvantages: Because the conclusion about the psychological state of the subjects must be found from their own answers, it has great limitations. (2) Questionnaire method: Advantages: It can obtain a wide range of materials in a short time, and can quantitatively process the results. Disadvantages: It is generally difficult to analyze the quality of the obtained materials, so it is difficult to directly compare the conclusion with the actual behavior of the subjects. 4. Test method: Advantages: You can know one or more characteristics of many people in a short time. And the differences between individuals can be compared in quantity. Disadvantages: the current test scale is not perfect, and its reliability and validity are low. 5. Case method: Advantages: It can provide insight into dynamic changes and is very helpful for the diagnosis and correction of internal problems in the organization. Disadvantages: The conclusion summarized by this method often lacks universality, and it requires a lot of manpower, material resources and time, which is a limiting factor for researchers. The development of editing this paragraph is related to modern productivity and management psychology. Due to the rapid development of productive forces and the sharp contradiction between labor and capital in production relations, while the bourgeoisie proposes to seek new management theories and methods, scientific progress and development also provide possible conditions for the formation of this new discipline theory of management psychology. During this period, psychology, sociology and other disciplines have made great progress, and psychological technology theory, group dynamics theory, social measurement theory and demand hierarchy theory have appeared one after another. At the beginning of the 20th century, social psychology and sociology have developed into independent disciplines. The formation and development of the above theories laid a relatively sufficient theoretical foundation for management psychology, thus making the emergence of management psychology inevitable and possible. China has rich thoughts of management psychology since ancient times. For example, Sun Wu, a strategist at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, wrote in Sun Tzu's Art of War: "A Taoist can make the people agree with him, so he can die with him and live with him without fear of danger." Sun Wu emphasized the importance of coordination between leaders and subordinates, which is also a very important principle of management psychology today. China's ancient management philosophy is completely contradictory to strategists: Sun Wuying's argument about human nature. Xunzi believes that "the master's nature is today, hunger is full, cold is warm, fatigue is resting, and this person's temperament is also" ("Xunzi's evil nature"). Mencius believed that "human nature is good as water." China's thought of ancient management psychology has been widely valued by management psychologists, and China's ancient books have also become a must-read for training managers in some countries. At the end of 19, capitalism was developed, production scale was expanding day by day, and enterprise management was more complicated. Labor organization and reasonable arrangement have also been put on the scientific research agenda. At this time, the School of Scientific Management appeared, represented by Taylor. Taylor focused on the rationalization of workers' operation, but he regarded people as economic men and ignored their sociality. World War I promoted the development of management psychology, and all participating countries tried to use psychological principles to improve management, increase production and serve the war. For example, formulate methods for personnel selection and training, study the most effective organizational form, and adjust the relationship between workers and managers. After the war, the development of industrial production raised some new problems, such as the role of social factors in production. A group of experts, led by social psychologist Mayo, conducted Hawthorne experiments and put forward the idea of "social man". In their view, material stimulation alone cannot guarantee that books and certificates of human resource management psychology can mobilize the enthusiasm of workers. Good interpersonal relationships and favorable social conditions are more closely related to work efficiency. In addition, they also put forward the role of informal organizations in groups. The development of engineering psychology in World War II emphasized the study of the relationship between man and machine, and put forward the problem of solving the relationship between man and organization. After the war, many scholars summed up their wartime experience and thought it necessary to establish a comprehensive science to study human behavior. They believe that people and society, people and production can be considered together. So in 1949, the name "behavioral science" was put forward at a seminar at the University of Chicago. Later, the Ford Foundation of the United States gave financial support. Many universities have carried out research on behavioral science and published journals on behavioral science. Because the name of behavioral science is too broad, some people include behavioral research and animal behavior research in medicine, which can't highlight the work related to production management. Therefore, many units and experts later adopted the name of organizational behavior or organizational psychology, especially the study of individual and group behavior in an organization. In China, the name of management psychology is often used. The editorial discipline of this section is essentially a humanities discipline-it is a people-centered discipline with obvious humanistic tendency. Management psychology has obvious people-oriented comprehensive tendency-it is a comprehensive science, involving a wide range of basic theoretical knowledge. Applicability-It is closely related to organizational management activities and plays a positive role in improving organizational management level. Edit the discipline characteristics of this paragraph 1, establish the people-oriented management concept 2, adapt to the requirements of the new era 3, improve production efficiency 4, improve the scientific decision-making, mainly study the individual characteristics of people related to organizational behavior, and edit the research content of this paragraph. Specifically, the main contents of management psychology research include the following three aspects: individual psychology mainly studies the laws, needs, motives and attitudes of individual psychological activities, employees' mental health, incentive theory and so on. To make it more effective. Group psychology mainly studies formal and informal groups, group cohesion, interpersonal relationship and information exchange in groups, morale and group consciousness. In order to better solve the problems of coordination, communication, unity and cooperation in the organization. Organizational psychology mainly studies organizational structure, organizational environment, organizational change, various leadership styles and their effects, selection and training of leaders, and factors affecting leadership effects. The purpose is to make the organization better adapt to the requirements of organizational tasks and missions, so as to facilitate the realization of organizational goals and safeguard the survival and development of the organization. Management psychology mainly studies the individual characteristics of people related to organizational behavior, such as motivation, ability and sexual orientation. Group characteristics of people, such as the classification of groups and the interaction between people and organizations; Characteristics of leadership behavior, such as leadership style, leadership evaluation and training. Organizational theory and organizational change, such as organizational model, organizational change and organizational development research; The research on the quality of working life focuses on improving the working environment, enriching and expanding the work, in order to mobilize the enthusiasm of employees and improve productivity; Cross-cultural management psychology compares the similarities and differences of management behaviors in different regions, countries, social systems and cultural backgrounds, and provides scientific basis for international economic exchanges and cooperative enterprises. In terms of research methods, management psychology does not have a universal method to solve all problems. Mainly based on the research methods of psychology and sociology, such as observation, interview, questionnaire, scale, case analysis, quasi-experimental research, social investigation, public opinion survey and so on. Combined with management practice, according to different situations and problems, appropriate methods are adopted to make the solution of problems have scientific basis for objective views. Organizational behavior in western countries is mainly used in the study of human resources, such as selecting employees by test or evaluating leaders by evaluation center method; The expert group helps enterprises to improve their self-improvement ability and drives various organizations to carry out reforms; The application of decision theory, such as assisting large enterprises to approve major projects and business strategies. Adopting decision-making meeting mode, under the guidance of experts, using electronic computers and special decision-making software, the decision-making process can be greatly accelerated and the quality of decision-making can be improved; Research on the quality of work and life, such as formulating a more perfect working class system, preventing accidents and reducing work pressure. Two factors form three relationship systems in an organization: an organization consists of two factors: people and things. 1. Material relationship: mainly the object of technical management, including the management of materials, equipment, assets, funds and technology. 2. The relationship between people and things: that is, the relationship between people and machines is an intersecting system, part of which is the object of technical management, but mainly the object of labor psychology and engineering psychology. 3. The relationship between people: mainly the research object of management psychology.