Classical Chinese is a processed written language based on ancient Chinese. The earliest written language based on spoken language may have been processed. Classical Chinese is an article composed of written language in ancient China, mainly including written language based on spoken language in pre-Qin period. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, no articles were invented to record characters, but bamboo slips, silks and other things were used to record characters, and silks were expensive, bamboo slips were huge and the number of words recorded was limited. In order to record more things on a roll of bamboo slips, unimportant words were deleted. Later, when "paper" was used on a large scale, the habit of using "official documents" among the ruling classes had been finalized, and the ability to use "classical Chinese" had evolved into a symbol of reading and literacy. Classical Chinese comes from vernacular Chinese, characterized by writing based on words, paying attention to the use of allusions, parallel prose, neat rhythm and no punctuation, including strategies, poems, words, songs, stereotyped writing, parallel prose and ancient prose. The classical Chinese in modern books are generally marked with punctuation marks in order to facilitate reading and understanding.
2. What are the skills for learning classical Chinese? The most important thing to learn classical Chinese is to be interested in classical Chinese. Pick up a book in classical Chinese. You can think that you are reading a novel written by Li Bai, an essay written by Tao Yuanming, or news written by Sun Wen.
When you think like this, is classical Chinese much easier? Even when you really fall in love with it, you will feel that you are not learning classical Chinese, but reading it.
After reading a lot, classical Chinese is as easy to understand as articles or novels. Sentences and words commonly used by the ancients often make "mistakes" (common words), and they will be familiar with them. Also, reading classical Chinese can't be limited to books. Read more classical Chinese. The original versions of the four classic novels are also quite good.
Read more books, and you will not only fall in love with classical Chinese, but also write it. Well, I hope it helps you.
3. Reciting classical Chinese skills ~ ~ ~ Hello, Dragon!
First of all, you have to understand the meaning. In this way, you can understand the text, the general meaning, what the author wrote, said, expressed and thoughts and feelings.
Secondly, we should take the initiative to stratify, induce and summarize things with the same meaning.
Third, explain the words in detail. The teacher will tick out the key points for you, remember the key words according to the outline requirements, and understand their usage and the same structure, such as words with different meanings in ancient and modern times.
Finally, read aloud.
More specifically:
First of all, we must have relevant historical knowledge. As the saying goes, literature and history are not separated. Everyone lives in an era, and the politics, economy and culture of this era will certainly have an impact on him. Therefore, only by understanding the era of this person's life can we understand the connotation of his works. For example, Qu Yuan advocated reform and hoped that Chu would be strong, but the king of Chu was "confused by Zheng Xiu at home and bullied by Zhang Yi abroad", alienated Qu Yuan first, and then exiled him to the Miluo River, which made his reform ambition impossible and buried him in the river. Knowing this history, it is much easier for us to understand Li Sao.
Second, have relevant cultural common sense. China's ancient culture is profound and rich in connotation, and many contents are constantly evolving with the development of history. Such as name and title, official position and imperial examination, geographical knowledge, patriarchal manners and customs, clothing and utensils, calendar criminal law, ancient book annotation style, etc., are greatly different from ancient times to modern times. Although students don't need to master all these contents, they should also accumulate what they encounter in their studies as their own knowledge reserves, so that they can call them at any time in classical Chinese learning and exams.
Third, learn to "solve the belly of the ancients with the heart of the present." We live in today's society, and in the face of disasters, we will unite as one. In the face of ugliness, they will attack and lash; We will work together to resist external humiliation. In fact, this kind of thoughts and feelings are in the same strain. In the face of external humiliation, Wen Tianxiang wrote: "Since ancient times, no one has died, keeping the heart of Dan to shine in the history of history." Facing the sufferings of the people, Du Fu wrote: "The wine in Zhumen stinks and the bones on the road freeze to death." Therefore, when we study ancient Chinese, we should be good at comparing and associating the feelings of the ancients with those of today, so as to try to figure out the thoughts of the ancients and accurately understand the essence reflected by classical Chinese.
Fourth, grasp the teaching materials and lay a solid foundation for classical Chinese. When learning classical Chinese, we must master the knowledge points that appear in textbooks: ① Phonetic sounds, including polyphonic characters and different reading characters. ② Meaning, including ancient and modern different meanings, polysemy and flexible use of parts of speech. ③ Sentence patterns in classical Chinese, including special sentence patterns and complex sentences in classical Chinese.
Fifth, to learn a classical Chinese, we should do the following: first, grasp the article as a whole and understand its main contents; Secondly, put the understanding of paragraphs into the overall grasp of the text; Third, in the specific language environment, we can further understand the words in the context; Finally, on the basis of the first three conditions, further understand the deep meaning of the article. In short, if you can do the above in your usual study, you will lay a solid foundation for the college entrance examination.
Wish you success!
4. What are the skills for reading classical Chinese? If you have a poor foundation in classical Chinese,
First of all, you should read more extracurricular classical Chinese and try to translate it yourself. If not, you can discuss it with the teacher (don't be embarrassed, the teacher welcomes your questions)
Then, you want to buy a workbook about classical Chinese. Do an article every day. If not, you can ask people around you. Never copy the answer, because it won't work.
This may not be effective at first, but we must stick to it.
I believe that before long, your level of classical Chinese will improve rapidly.
Note: If you want to learn classical Chinese well, it depends on your attitude. If you really want to learn it well, just follow the above steps and your grades will definitely improve. Because I was also a student, classical Chinese was very poor at that time. This is the method that the teacher taught me, which is really useful. I hope your classical Chinese has improved after reading my suggestion.
5. Classical Chinese reading skills Classical Chinese reading skills:
Step 1: Browse the topic quickly.
Classical Chinese extracurricular reading questions have a characteristic: some topic options show the meaning of some keywords in the text; Some topics hint at the main content of classical Chinese. Browsing topics helps students understand the general meaning of classical Chinese. Therefore, after receiving the extracurricular classical Chinese reading essay, we should first quickly browse the topics after the essay.
Step 2: Analyze the topic carefully.
Generally speaking, the reading paragraphs of classical Chinese after class will be given titles, and most of the titles themselves summarize the main contents of classical Chinese. For example, in an exam, I took an extra-curricular reading article in the classical Chinese "Chu People Learn to Boat". The title of this subject-predicate structure summarizes the main content of the paragraph, and we can know the main content of the paragraph after reading the title. In short, a careful analysis of the title of a paragraph can help us quickly understand the main content of classical Chinese.
Step 3: Read the full text quickly with comments.
When reading a passage of classical Chinese after class, some difficult words in classical Chinese are generally annotated. These notes help students understand the main content of classical Chinese accurately. So, don't ignore these notes, but take them with you to read the full text quickly. In addition, it should be noted that in the process of reading the full text, don't stop and think hard, but continue reading. In short, read the full text quickly, not completely, but understand the main idea of the article. Step 4: Answer the question with the right medicine.
There are three types of reading problems in extracurricular classical Chinese, namely, word interpretation, sentence translation and content understanding. Different problems are solved in different ways:
(1) Word explanation questions: This kind of questions mostly examine the phenomenon of polysemy of content words in classical Chinese, which is basically learned by students in classical Chinese in class. When solving problems, we should first apply the meaning of the content words in classical Chinese that we have learned, and then contact the context test. Fluency after the exam is the correct answer.
(2) Sentence translation: The translated sentence should be translated freely on the basis of literal translation. First, explain the meaning of the key words in the draft (literal translation); Then, write the general meaning of the sentence (free translation). When translating sentences, we should pay attention to the following problems: ① Proper nouns such as year number, person name, place name, official name, object name, book title and country name should be kept as they are, and no translation is needed. For example, in the spring of four years (year number), Teng (name) was appointed to guard Baling County (place name). In the spring of Li Qing's fourth year, Teng was demoted to Baling County Order. For example: "Chen Shengsheng, Yangcheng people are also". "Zheye" means meaningless and should be deleted. Chen Sheng is from Yangcheng. ③ Some special sentence patterns in classical Chinese (such as verb inversion, preposition object and adverbial postposition). ) Different from the word order of modern Chinese, appropriate adjustments should be made in translation. For example, "Sorry, you don't like it!" "Your mental deficiency is too serious. (4) If the translated sentence is an ellipsis, the omitted elements should be supplemented. For example, "Uncle Naidan said' Chen' (omitting the subject). "They wrote the words' Chen' on the silk with vermilion.
(3) Content comprehension questions. There are three ways to solve this kind of problem: one is to quote the original sentence to answer; Second, extract keywords from the original text to answer; Third, organize written answers in your own words. Among the three methods, the first and second methods have higher accuracy.
6. Skills and methods of doing classical Chinese Learning classical Chinese is a major difficulty for our middle school students. I want to express my personal opinion on how to learn it well.
First of all, we should understand the characteristics of classical Chinese in different periods in the history of China, which is more conducive to our analysis. For example, there are many inverted sentences and interchangeable words in pre-Qin prose. Understanding the life stories and work styles of historical celebrities is helpful for us to judge the authors and appreciate the articles. To learn history well, it is said that literature and history are not separated. In addition, learning history well is also good for literary appreciation. Read more historical works, such as The Book of Songs, hundred schools of thought's Essays, Warring States Policy, Wen Xin Diao Long, etc. , not only conducive to the study of classical Chinese, but also conducive to your literary appreciation and creation.
Another is to look at some classical Chinese courses, such as grammar, introduction to poetry appreciation and so on. But don't read books translated from ancient Chinese, which is harmful to your study of classical Chinese.
When learning classical Chinese, the main thing is to read more, so that practice makes perfect and you won't be intimidated by the questions during the exam.
Classical Chinese is the language used by the ancients and is no longer used in our real life. But it is the source of modern literature and still affects modern literature in various ways. Therefore, to really learn modern Chinese well, we must have a solid foundation in classical Chinese. The writers and scholars of the older generation, such as Lu Xun, Mao Dun, Qian Zhongshu and Liang Shiqiu, all have deep roots in ancient Chinese, and their works are full of rich classical flavor, with concise, accurate and elegant language. Mr. Lu Xun has read and studied a lot of ancient novels since he was young, which is of great significance to his later period.
Learning classical Chinese is a great difficulty for us middle school students. I want to express my personal opinion on how to learn it well.
First of all, we should understand the characteristics of classical Chinese in different periods in the history of China, which is more conducive to our analysis. For example, there are many inverted sentences and interchangeable words in pre-Qin prose. Understanding the life stories and work styles of historical celebrities is helpful for us to judge the authors and appreciate the articles. To learn history well, it is said that literature and history are not separated. In addition, learning history well is also good for literary appreciation. Read more historical works, such as The Book of Songs, hundred schools of thought's Essays, Warring States Policy, Wen Xin Diao Long, etc. , not only conducive to the study of classical Chinese, but also conducive to your literary appreciation and creation.
Another is to look at some classical Chinese courses, such as grammar, introduction to poetry appreciation and so on. But don't read books translated from ancient Chinese, which is harmful to your study of classical Chinese.
When learning classical Chinese, the main thing is to read more, so that practice makes perfect and you won't be intimidated by the questions during the exam.
Classical Chinese is the language used by the ancients and is no longer used in our real life. But it is the source of modern literature and still affects modern literature in various ways. Therefore, to really learn modern Chinese well, we must have a solid foundation in classical Chinese. The writers and scholars of the older generation, such as Lu Xun, Mao Dun, Qian Zhongshu and Liang Shiqiu, all have deep roots in ancient Chinese, and their works are full of rich classical flavor, with concise, accurate and elegant language. Mr. Lu Xun read and studied a large number of ancient novels since he was a child, which had a great influence on his later novel creation. Mao Dun's skill in reciting A Dream of Red Mansions has always been praised. Qian Zhongshu was first a generation of scholars, proficient in Chinese and Western studies, especially Chinese studies, and then a writer. The world only knows that there is a besieged city, but it doesn't know that there is a cone; Liang Shiqiu is proficient in classics and a subset of classics and history, which is reflected in his prose works. Not only is the language quaint and simple, but it is easy to put up, the usage of allusions is handy, and the music is wonderful. Liang's extensive reading and practical work are really amazing.
So, how can we learn classical Chinese well in senior high school? The following is a brief introduction to several learning methods:
First, master the basic language structure. Classical Chinese can be roughly divided into words and sentences. Among them, words include content words and function words; Sentences can be divided into five categories: judgmental sentences, passive sentences, inverted sentences, ellipsis sentences and fixed sentences. It is the basis of learning classical Chinese to master the language structure of classical Chinese systematically and understand its differences and connections with modern Chinese.
Second, correctly break sentences. There are no punctuation marks in ancient Chinese characters, so how to break sentences directly affects the understanding of the content of the article. The following points should be paid attention to in correctly breaking sentences: understanding keywords and judging the relationship between words; Understand a certain appreciation of ancient culture; Master the rules of dialogue, reporting and quotation in the text; According to the words at the beginning and end of the sentence and the idioms in the sentence.
Third, learn the correct translation methods. The principles of classical Chinese translation are: faithful to the original text, stereotyped words, literal translation as the main, free translation as the auxiliary. The following points should be paid attention to in translation: supplement the omitted parts; Adjust the word order; Increase or decrease appropriately.
Fourth, repeat reading. As the saying goes, if you read a book a hundred times, its meaning will show itself. Reading more books can cultivate a sense of language and achieve the purpose of reading other ancient works skillfully. In addition, classical Chinese pays great attention to the inner rhythm and rhythm, and repeated reading can fully appreciate the musical beauty of the works and improve the interest in learning.
7. Chinese classical Chinese must first have a foundation, so it is necessary to accumulate more word explanations in classical Chinese. Such as flexible use of polysemous words. Then practice more and cultivate a certain sense of language (in fact, we need a sense of language as much as English reading, but I personally think classical Chinese is much simpler than English. After all, are you from China? )
Modern Chinese: (Subjective question) I'm still good at it. Generally, they are in the top few in the class (subjective papers are embarrassed to score). My idea of doing this kind of questions is that the answers to general questions can be found in the original text. So when answering questions, first extract the author's original sentence from the original text and add your own analysis. On the premise of correct thinking, you will basically not deduct points. And by observing the score of each question, we can infer that this question needs to answer several points, so it is not easy to miss the answer. Of course, these skills are based on a correct understanding of the ideas of the article. If you can't always grasp the author's ideas and the questioner's ideas, then do more questions and ponder more when changing the answers. Let's go