Hello everyone! Start learning intertextuality
Intertextuality, also known as intertextuality, is a rhetoric method commonly used in ancient poetry. The ancient Chinese interpretation of it is: "See each other with words, see words with words."
Understanding is the integration of reference before and after, including writing.
More abstract! Specifically, it is a form of mutual use of words: the upper and lower sentences or two parts of a sentence seem to say two things, but in fact they echo, explain and complement each other and say the same thing.
Two sentences or two words in a sentence echo, cross, penetrate and complement each other in meaning, making the sentence more neat, harmonious and refined.
We watched Du Fu's Meeting Li Guinian by the River.
In the Qi family, I often see your performances; Before urging the wine hall, I praised your art many times.
It's the beautiful scenery in the south of the Yangtze River. I miss you when the flowers fall.
Look at the first two sentences
I often see you and hear your songs in Wang Qi and Cui Jiu's home. It's not that I don't listen to songs when I meet people in Qi Wangfu. Cui didn't just hear his voice, but he didn't see him.
The first two sentences are one-sided if taken literally. The two sentences are intertwined, the meaning permeates into a supplement, and the sentences are neatly matched.
I named them "two in one".
Its greatest feature is that the words used in adjacent sentences in poetry complement each other and combine to express a complete meaning.
Another example is "My Lord has dismounted and my guest has boarded the ship. If you want to raise wine, bring the strings" and "Pipa-playing"
The "host" and "guest" in the sentence also mean "dismounting" and "boarding". It's not that the host gets off the horse and doesn't get on board, but that the guests are on board. If the host is on the shore and the guests are on the boat, it would be ridiculous to have a farewell dinner.
(intertextuality in the same sentence)
Belong to the same intertextuality
You like Don again? Zhang Jiuling's Twelve Feelings (I)
Orchids in spring are full of flowers, and osmanthus in autumn is bright and fresh.
Life in the world is full of vitality, which naturally conforms to the beautiful season.
Who wants to live in seclusion in the mountains and smell the fragrance, so full of joy.
Won't it be more demanding to be transplanted than any other natural flower? .
Orchids are in spring and osmanthus is in autumn. How lush their leaves are and how bright their flowers are. This intertextuality is actually their own mosaic, which summarizes the whole plant.
Not the leaves of a single orchid and the flowers of a laurel.
I talked about the meaning of intertextuality earlier. Let's take a look at its manifestations.
1, intertextuality in the same sentence.
For example, I, the master, got off the horse and my guest got on the boat.
Keywords smoke cage, cold water, moon cage sand,
Smoke not only cages cold water, but also cages sand. The moon also loves cold water and cages sand. That's what it says.
Intertextuality in the same sentence. It means that two words in the same sentence explain, penetrate and complement each other in meaning.
A typical example is: "The Moon of Qin Dynasty, the Combination of Han Dynasty" (Wang Changling's The Embankment). Literally, this poem means "The bright moon shines in Qin dynasty and closes in Han dynasty". In fact, it should be understood as "the moon of Qin and Han dynasties, according to the Qin dynasty when closed."
2. Intertextuality of even sentences
The so-called even sentence intertextuality is the intertextuality composed of two sentences that echo, complement and hint each other. Often the next sentence contains the words that appeared in the previous sentence, and the previous sentence contains the words that will appear in the next sentence. When you understand, you must put two sentences together.
As mentioned above, Gui Lan.
For example, these two sentences should be interpreted as: "East, west, north and south call, east, west, north and south disturb."
Another example is "there is a university in the conversation and laughter, and there is no Ding Bai in the communication" (Liu Yuxi's "Humble Room Inscription")
These are two relative sentences. If you only look at it literally; It will be understood as "the people I talk and laugh with are knowledgeable people, and the ignorant people who have no contact with me."
Looking at the two sentences together, "talking and laughing" and "communication" constitute intertextuality, which should mean that "there are great scholars in talking and laughing, but there is no self-determination in talking and laughing", that is, "all the people who talk and laugh with me are learned people, and none of them are ignorant".
3. Multi-sentence intertextuality
Words in three or more sentences are written alternately and combined to see the meaning, which is called multi-sentence intertextuality.
For example, "buy horses in the east market, saddles in the west market, reins in the south market and whips in the north market" (Mulan Poetry),
The eastern cities, western cities, southern cities and northern cities in the sentence constitute intertextuality. To sum up, it is "going to various markets to buy war horses and harness to fight". Parallelism is used here to highlight the urgent and orderly management of Mulan. It makes the tone of poetry lively and enhances the beauty of poetry.
The first two kinds of poems are widely used, while the latter is more common.
So how do we correctly understand intertextuality?
1. Infer another unknown meaning from the known meaning according to the corresponding positions of words before and after intertextuality.
For example, there are two idioms, namely "seeking perfection" and "writing", in which "seeking" and "responsibility" and "writing" are in corresponding positions, so it can be inferred that "responsibility" is "seeking" and "writing" is "decoration".
For example, loyalty and righteousness are not needed, and sages are not needed (Shejiang) and spring water begins to flow (belong to Xi), in which "Yong" and "Yi" and "Er" are in corresponding positions respectively, so it can be inferred that "Yi" is "Yong" and "Er".
2. Add up the words that contain each other and penetrate each other, and look at the meaning together.
For example, "the bow becomes stiff, it is almost impossible to pull it out, and it is difficult to protect the iron clothes." (Cen Can's "Bai Xuege sends the judge home")
This highly intertextual sentence is about the bitter and cold military life beyond the Great Wall. Literally, it can be understood as "the general is so cold that he can't even open his bow and put on his armor." In fact, the complete meaning should be "the general is unable to control the horn bow, and the general is difficult to protect the iron suit."
Another example is "the bright moon surprises the magpie, and the breeze crows at midnight." (Xin Qiji's "Xijiang Moon") The intertextuality of "quiet" and "bright" in the poem should be correctly understood as "the bright moon (at midnight) wakes up the birds in the tree and wakes up the cicada sleeping in the tree; I heard birds and cicadas singing in the soft night wind. " In this way, the artistic conception of the text is more abundant and beautiful.
3. The intertextuality of these two events is translated through generalization and integration.
Such as "clamoring for something, running north and south." The intertextuality of "East and West" and "North and South" in the sentence (Liu Zongyuan's Talk about Snake Catchers) takes both "screaming" and "sudden death" into consideration, meaning "(fierce officials) clamored for harassment everywhere". Only by understanding this sentence in this way can it be more intense.
Another example is "defeated, ordered by danger." The intertextuality (Zhuge Liang model) between "being ordered" and "being ordered" and "being defeated by the army" and "being ordered in a crisis" in the sentence can be summarized as "I accepted the mission at the critical moment of defeat"
The above three understanding methods are helpful for us to correctly understand and identify intertextuality. We should pay attention to this kind of poetry with single surface meaning and consistent overall expression. This may be intertextuality.
I think it is good for us to learn the intertextuality of the same sentence, even the intertextuality of sentences. We learn the intertextuality of the same sentence more for beginners. Pay attention to understanding and grasping.
It's not difficult to say it. Two images in the same environment can be written in the same sentence, just like a smoke cage filled with cold water and moon sand. There were similar sentences in the previous dual exercise, but everyone didn't pay attention.
Look at the following example.
1, the male rabbit's feet are complicated and the female rabbit's eyes are blurred.
2, the general died in battle, and the strong man returned in ten years.
I, the master, got off the horse and my guest boarded his boat.
4, not happy with things, not sad with yourself. 5. Plant pine and cypress in the east and sycamore in the left and right.
6, elm Liu Yin eaves, Li Tao Luo tang qian.
7. The general was white-haired and in tears.
8, spring fragrance and alcohol.
9, smoke cage cold water moon cage sand.
10, startled the forest, and the earthquake was too high to be cold.
More examples:
1, The Far-off Altair, Hehan Girl-The Far-off Altair
2. Worry about the world first, and enjoy the world later-Fan Zhongyan's Yueyang Tower.
3. Open my Dongting Gate and sit on my Xiting Bed-Mulan Poetry.
4. Spring fragrance and wine bitterness-Ouyang Xiu's Drunk Pavilion
5, clamoring for something, suddenly north and south-"The Snake Catcher said"
6. Dead wood meets spring-Tao Yuanming's "Gui Xi Ci"