(A) myth
The primitive oral myths of Naxi nationality mainly include astronomical myths, mountain plant myths and animal myths, such as ancestor myths and shooting at the sun myths.
Astronomical myths include the origin of the sun and the moon, the seven stars and the Pleiades. Among them, The Origin of the Sun and the Moon is a masterpiece of astronomical mythology. This myth says: In ancient times, there were 9 suns and 7 moons in the sky. Nine suns came out, the earth caught fire, and human beings could not survive. They prayed to the great god for a spell, and eight suns came down in six months, leaving only one sun and one moon in the sky. This kind of myth reflects Naxi ancestors' simple worship of the sun and women from different aspects, and their most primitive imagination of astronomical phenomena.
The plant myth "the origin of dwarf pine" vividly explains the natural phenomenon of the geographical distribution of pine trees and chestnuts. The animal myth "man and chicken for life" and "man and dog for life" reflects the position of dogs and chickens in the production and life of Naxi nationality. The myth of shooting at the sun, "Lux in Boots", clearly highlights the strength of human beings and expresses the strong belief of Naxi ancestors in overcoming drought, a natural force.
Second, Dongba literature
Dongba literature is a literary work written in hieroglyphics by Dongba, a priest. It is different from folk literature and writer literature, and it is an independent category. The social content reflected in Dongba literature includes the social life of primitive society, slave society and feudal society in various periods, which can be divided into creation myth, demon reduction myth, war myth and love myth according to the theme. Making labor songs, folk tunes, etc. There are visual proverbs, epics, myths, stories, customs, Long song and so on. Among them, the most influential are epic and mythical works. The history of creation poetry "Chong Ban Tu" (translated as Genesis or Human Migration), and the heroic epic "Ai Dong Shu Ai" (translated as "The Battle of Black and White"). These two epics have been published in many ways.
Genesis composed an ode of Naxi ancestors, which expressed the simple understanding of the ancient Naxi people on the origin and change of all things in the world and human beings, highlighted the thought of worshipping God and people, and showed the arduous course of Naxi ancestors' creation and establishment. They praised the heroic struggle spirit of conquering nature and resisting violence, praised the people's labor, love, wisdom and strength, and expressed the Naxi people's thoughts of looking forward to happiness, pursuing light and looking forward to the country's prosperity.
The Battle of Black and White focuses on the war scenes in the heroic era when tribal chiefs rose, exposing and lashing darkness and evil, enthusiastically praising the light and upholding justice, and expressing the ideals and aspirations of the ancient Naxi people to pursue and defend the light.
These three poems are excellent works of Dongba literature, also known as the three pearls of Dongba literature.
In addition, there are Origin of the Horse and Origin of the Tiger, which reflect the domesticated animals of Naxi ancestors, Penglong Fight and Gaolequ, which reflect the hard struggle life in the hunting era, Chongren Pandi, which reflects the ancient Naxi people's struggle against diseases, and Dingbashiro, which reflects the struggle against evil forces, whipping religious priests for their unearned behavior and praising their labor. The rich steal cattle, which shows that the poor are not afraid of being bullied by the rich, and the mentality of the rich class that they are intoxicated with wine and want to die in their dreams shows that the ancient Naxi people are open-minded and open-minded, such as buying their lives and selling horses with three girls.
Third, the legend
The folk customs of Naxi nationality are very rich, including mountains and lakes, scenic spots, holiday customs, worldly wisdom and so on.
Among the legends of mountains and rivers, Jinsha Girl vividly introduces the formation of the first bay of the Yangtze River, Yulong Mountain, Baja and Tiger Leaping Gorge. The legend of Yulong Snow Mountain is intended to turn Yulong Snow Mountain into a hero to exorcise demons. There are also works such as Old Chrysanthemum, Milk Chrysanthemum, Lashihai, Rhinoceros Pond, Ninety-nine Longtan in Laojunshan, Shimenguan, Jinleiling, Jigongshi and Guishan.
Among the legends of places of interest, the most famous are the lives of Dragon Lady Tree and Dale Asa.
There are some works in Legend of Scenery, such as The Origin of Stone Paifang and The Origin of Wooden Rooms, which point the criticism at King Mu.
Festival legends include "Beiyue Temple Fair" and "Torch Festival", which are very popular.
Historical legends, such as Maiden, Mai Liang, Kublai Khan and Ade Mu, reflect the origin of Momo's in-laws and Nanzhao, national unity, national friendship and surname Mu.
Fourth, the story
The folk stories of Naxi nationality are rich and colorful, including the tragic story A, the ancient music of Wu Tao, the origin of the cuckoo bird V, string stories, love stories, the story X of putting pigs and planting peaches, the life of Lako and Lotus V, the story of Achai and Mihua V, the story of the dragon girl and Qiao Ge, the story of the treasure pig entering the Tao Te Ching, the story of gold digging, the story of Guanshimen entering the silver cave and Admiralty V, and the story of the golden duck entering. Demon story "Second Sister" and "Night without Performance"; The story of ethnic communication "Masons settle down" and "Brewers"; Breaking the superstitious story "Mountain God" and "Eating Ghosts" humorously reproduces the real history of class opposition from humorous comedies, reflects the decadent life of the exploiting class and the working people, and praises the fine quality of the working people and the fearless spirit of daring to fight.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) traditional major
There are many unique traditional specialties in Naxi literature, that is, long folk oral narrative poems (songs) originated in Ming and Qing Dynasties. There is a saying of "eighteen tones in major". Traditional majors can be divided into three categories: joy, meeting and suffering.
Happy tune, called "Hua Hua Ben" in Naxi language, reflects the labor and love life of young men and women, and has a happy ending, belonging to a happy classical major. The main works are hunting songs, driving horses and burning incense. Others include literature examination, martial arts, fortification, boating, flying eagle, and the song of the golden Zheng.
There are Xuebai Club, Fish Water Club, Bee Flower Club, Star Club, Lone Eagle Goose Club, Zhangzi Tender Bamboo Club, Single Leaf Flower Club, Red Deer Otter Club, Afraid of Dew Fairy Grass Club, Kirin Phoenix Club, Sun Moon Club and Piccolo Club. Meeting is called a specific symbolic means to describe meeting love. With anthropomorphic, metaphorical and romantic imagination, the scene of Naxi young men and women yearning for freedom of marriage and a better life was sung.
Bitter feelings mainly describe the bitter feelings of the hero and heroine in their lives. His main works include The Sorrow of Wandering, The Shepherd's Tune, The Elephant Girl, Escape to a Good Place, etc. The first two sounds are the most famous. "Wandering for sadness" is one of the important contents of Naxi emotional death culture.
Sixth, folk songs
Folk songs belong to short folk songs. There are traditional ancient songs and improvised songs. According to the content, it can be divided into production songs, folk songs, folk songs, love songs, happy songs, bitter songs, wedding songs, elegies, hunting songs, pastoral songs, children's songs and so on. The earliest labor songs are "Da Ren Ge", "Hunting Song", "Weaving Ma Ge" and "Taking Fire Song", which are mostly ancient songs in the collection, hunting and nomadic period. After entering the agriculture, there are goddesses who wash hemp, rub thread, herd cattle, persuade cattle, rake Tian Ge and plant yangko. Scenery songs include Song of Dry Wood, Yuhu Lake, Think twice about water and so on. Custom songs include Song of Sacrificing Livestock and Song of Shouting Harvest. The ceremony songs include "Measure Rice Song", "Toast Song", "Wear Pants Song", "Wear Skirts Song" and "Wash Horse Song". Witch songs include "Evocation Song" and "Send Ghost Song"; Wedding songs include wedding songs, marriage proposal songs, wedding wish songs, wedding farewell songs, women's advice songs and happy songs. Funeral songs include funeral songs, gratitude songs and funeral songs.
Naxi folk songs are often sung together with songs such as Guqi, How Are You Big, Li Ali and Oh Rere, while love songs are often sung together with the tune of Shiben.
Seven, fables and fairy tales
Fables and fairy tales are mostly stories of animals and plants. Fables include clever rabbits, rabbits and bears, rabbits and frogs, turtledoves borrowing food, hunting dogs and cats, cunning eels, foxes and cocks, stories of drug lords, crows laughing at black pigs to exchange less for more, and so on. From different aspects, it shows that the weak can defeat the strong, and wisdom can also defeat the strong.
Fairy tales include swallows and gourds, Taoist priests, rabbits and goats, monkeys, rabbits and foxes, cuckoos and pheasants. Scolope, red deer and rooster, zodiac stories, crows and frogs, wheat and adopted sons, etc.
Eight, jokes
There are many Naxi folk jokes, such as satirical jokes about "public money and mother money", "learning Mandarin" and "all fools should attach their horses". Among them, "public money and mother money" tells the story that the little rich man saved a lot of money and was reluctant to spend it. He counts money every day and forgets everything. The sow at home gave birth to piglets. He was very surprised. People say that sows with boars will have piglets. He kept this in mind and sold the pig on his back. The buyer gave him money, and he said, "This money is the same as my family's money. I want some mother's money back so that I can save some small coins. " It satirizes the greedy and obsessed faces of the rich. Humorous jokes are like hiding a bull's head, a nominal hunter, splitting money, a gluttonous bitch, and a liar in the dark. Humorous jokes include buying mirrors, mule eggs, nearsighted old people, padded dresses, millstone ceremonies, learning rules, taking deerskin and so on. It reflects the ignorance of remote people in ancient times, and sincerely castigates ignorance. These jokes give people association and enlightenment in humorous laughter.
Nine, proverbs and riddles
Naxi folk proverbs can be divided into the following categories:
Political proverbs such as "the rich don't know hunger, the poor don't know enough", "the carpenter has no house to live in, and the shoemaker has no shoes to wear", "the stone doesn't burn, the bees don't move, and the bureaucrats don't hate slaves to jump" vividly reveal the disparity between the rich and the poor and the class opposition in the old society.
Labor proverbs: "Enjoy leisure and hate labor, eat golden mountains, hard-working hands are worth thousands of dollars", "As long as there is grain and rice, snow-capped mountains can be moved", "No tillage, no infertility, no seedlings" and so on, indicating that there is no harvest and no happiness without labor.
Moral proverbs,' A companion learns well, but a companion doesn't learn well',' Steal a needle when he is young, and steal a cow when he is old', point out the influence of environment and bad habits on children's growth; "The snow-capped mountains do not fold, and the voices do not return", emphasizing that words should count; "Bamboo chopsticks are hard to break into sticks, while tooth chopsticks are easy to break into sticks", which shows the great unity; "Thrift is not hungry, and miserly gnaws stones", praising the virtue of thrift and laughing at meanness; "Don't talk about other people's right and wrong, don't look for other people's wives for what" "I'd rather love a group of girls than a woman" "I can't tell you anything with other people's wives" and so on. And pointed out some basic skills and ethics that should be possessed in dealing with interpersonal relationships.
Meteorological proverbs: "Cry about the snowy mountain and laugh, the morning dew is heavy", "Write about the mountain and wear a hat, it will rain today", "The sun shines at noon, and the hail comes in the afternoon", "The clouds are heading east, and the rain turns fine" and so on.
Philosophical proverbs: "You can only see the mountain high when you hunt, and you can only know the coolness when you drink the spring water", "Buffalo doesn't drink water, and it's useless to pull the nose rope", "Let the cow lead the horse by the nose" and so on, which reflect the simple philosophical thoughts of Naxi people from many obvious facts.
Naxi folk riddles can be divided into physical riddles and event riddles.
The mysteries are: grandma with black face, sitting by the fireplace; Whisper for a long time and make a half-soup teapot.
Brothers are United, eating charcoal ash in the morning-working with tongs, sleeping collectively-chopsticks.
Mystery:
The wooden family invited the bamboo family, and the horse family sent it out-thundering and screaming, snowflakes flying around-grinding noodles.
Silver enters the sea, and gold is on the list-fried glutinous rice cake