What other poets were there in the Song Dynasty?
Wen Wen Tianxiang Fang Yanbo Feng Fang Zefang Shen Wei Wang Ling Wang Mai
Wang wangyi Wang Shipeng Wang Anshi Anguo
Ye Shaoweng in Dengleifa Peak Area
Ye Mengde Sima Guang Sima Chizuo is the Liuguo Cizhuang in Liu Shijie.
Liu Kezhuang Huayue is in danger, Lu Ding is in danger, and Lu Benzhong Road South is in danger.
Yu Shaoan Rushan Zhu Yang Zhu Song Zhuxi Zhu Shu Zhen Jiang Duanyou
Mi Fei Yan Yinglong He Menggui Yu Deng
Wu Tao, Wu Biao, Wu Xichou, Song Qi, Song Xiang, Zhang Xi 'an and Zhang Lei.
Zhang Yan Zhang Shunmin Zhang Daoqi Tang Dynasty
Li Lipeng Li Zhiyi Peng Lao Li Qingzhao Du Yangchang Yang Yipu
Yang LAN? Yang Huizhi, Wang Zao, Shen, Qiu
Su Shi Su Shun Qin Xin Qiji Lian Wenfeng
Shaoding Shaoyou Luliang
Chenzao Chenshidao, Chen chen
Chen Fuliang Zhou Xin Zhou Mi Zhou Bi Zhou Bida Zhou Zhou Bangyan Dunxi
Zhou Zizhi Zong Ze Zonglinke Lin Sheng Jilin Yi Xi Lin Jingyi
Ouyang Shura and Fan Chengda Zheng Xie.
Zheng Wenbao Yu Gui Yu Zi Zhi Ren
Kou Baoguo Jiang Kui Ke Maoqian liuyong
Hong Weng Hu Zhiru He Zhaofan
Zhao Shixiu Zhao Ruyou Rao Jie Tao Jingtang Geng Jiaxuan Weng Jixu
Xu Fu Xu Zhao Chai Wang Zhen Shan Min
Qin Guan Guo Qian Bi Tao Gao He Cao Xun
Pan Fu Xiao Li Zhi Xiao De made Huang Gongdu Huang Tingjian.
Gong Huihong has been there several times.
Ge Geqigeng Dong Xieyi Ao Daoqian
Tao Canhan cited Han Yuanji, Han Ximeng and Qiu Pan Lang.
Mu Xiuxue Xuan Ji Dai Fugu Wei Tai Huang Fu Zi Ming Ceng Gong Zhu Jun
Attachment: The Story of Wen Tianxiang in Song Dynasty
In A.D. 1283, the Southern Song Dynasty, as a dynasty in the historical sense, was declared extinct with the leap of Mount Lu Xiufu three years ago, so at this time, China's calendar was justly recorded as nineteen years from Yuan Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty. Perhaps there is another person who still stubbornly believes that Dasong is still alive in his heart, blood and bones. Perhaps this man often cried for the last emperor Zhao Min, drew up the temple name he deserved but didn't get, and did his duty as a monarch and a minister for him; Even contrary to common sense, the last year of his life was recorded as the five years of Song Xiangxing ... The blank of the past and the silence of history filled the imagination space with "maybe", but what we really know is only the name of this person and his deeds and poems that will be remembered every time the nation is in danger in the next 800 years. In fact, this year, more than three years to be exact, he was just a different prisoner in the Yanjing Military Region and the Military Region Earth Prison.
Forty-seven years back in time, a well-off but not rich reading humanistic instrument in Luling, Jiangxi Province became a father for the first time in Duanping, Song Lizong for three years. Yes, this Luling is the "Luling" in the drunken pavilion, but in the literary age, it is not the article that is often mentioned that makes everyone proud of Luling, but the "Four Loyalty Festival" that was shaped as a spiritual mentor and a model for the younger generation in Xiangxian Temple: Ouyang Wenzhong (decorated by Ouyang), Yang Zhongxiang (decorated by Yang Bangyi) and Zhou Wenzhong (decorated by Zhou Bida). Like all parents, Wen Yi has high hopes for this son, and It is said that when the child was born, the cloud hung over the roof of the Wen family, so Wen Yi's son was called Sun Yun, with a beautiful word. After paying tribute to the characters, Song Rui was named after Tianxiang. He is the owner of this article, Wen Tianxiang.
Tian Xiang, Song Zhirui and Shen Jian were good names at that time. History will show us how the owner of this name changed the auspicious words of deceiving ignorant people into true facts. If from the second year of Deyou (1276), Bo Yan army entered Gaoting Mountain and guarded Lin 'an, Wen Tianxiang made the Southern Song Dynasty struggle for at least four years. Because under the chaotic situation that Prime Minister Chen secretly fled, the emperor was young and his daughter, Queen Xie, was helpless and only cried, it was Wen Tianxiang who calmly put forward the idea that the two kings would go south to preserve the imperial clan.
In the fourth year of Baoyu (1256), only Wen Tianxiang, who was in a weak position, went to Lin 'an to take the exam. When lifeless Song Lizong saw his name in the temple of Ying Ji, he also shone at the moment. Examiner Wang Yinglin's comment that "the friendship between ancient times is like a turtle mirror, the liver of loyalty is like a stone" is in my ear, and an eloquent and incisive palace exam strategy is in front of me. Coupled with this extremely attractive name (this is not nonsense, Cixi also did such a thing in the late Qing Dynasty), in a flash, Emperor Li Zong was also filled with emotion: Can this young man really save the declining national fortune of the Song Dynasty?
Never doubt whether a feudal emperor cares about his country out of innocence! From another angle, in a society where the world is home, who cares more about this country with his surname than the emperor? This is not only his inexhaustible cornucopia, but also the basis for his authority to be established and passed on to future generations. It is also a sacred legacy left by his arduous ancestors. A person with extremely noble background and academic qualifications stands in front of the rolling history books thousands of years later. Of course, due to his supreme position, he faced many temptations, such as women, calligraphy and painting, music, poetry and even playing with clocks. Who can have no hobbies? And most of them are not so strong-willed However, if you think that the emperor doesn't care about his country, you are wrong-Emperor Li Zong mentioned calligraphy, which only symbolizes the supreme power, and with a slight tick, Wen Tianxiang, the seventh on the examiner's report list, was named the top scholar.
It's hard for people today to imagine how wonderful it is to win the championship, especially in the Song Dynasty. The glory of the son of heaven's protege, the favor of the Manchu dynasty, the secret hearts of young women all over the world, the banquets that local governors at all levels have come in succession (this is even customized by the state), and the triumph ceremony of the greatest general of the Song Dynasty will be overshadowed by it. At the Wenxi banquet, cheerful Wen Tianxiang improvised a poem and said, "In thirty-three years, the emperor became Jackie Chan. Far away, straight into the sky, Ran Ran rises and admires the emperor's works. However, let the living see Taitong for a long time. The first is to lay a new weight, and only Li can repay the favor. " 〔2〕
It is really "the first fairy among 500 people, ready to go to heaven" [3] (in fact, the Jinshi Department in the Song Dynasty takes four or five hundred people every year, ten times as many as in the Tang Dynasty). If in the Han and Tang Dynasties, the literati and Confucian scholars had to go to the frontier court to make meritorious military service in order to realize their dream of being a marquis, then in the Song Dynasty, the literati and Confucian scholars had already embarked on the road to the position of a great man and a minister. Di Qing, a great star of a generation, is still despised by his colleagues for his great achievements (this is already a special case), so he has nowhere to complain and has to feel sorry for himself. "Only one scholar is born in the ear" [4]. In this way, in the sea of purple black tea, no matter how profound Confucianism is, 20-year-old Wen Tianxiang couldn't help being frivolous and getting high. With a generous salary, he lived a comfortable life like Yan Shu, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi and many other famous officials in the Song Dynasty, and raised a large group of geisha.
The fate of a country is always driven by a strange joint force, sailing on the historical channel. It often turns to its overturned death journey at a certain point where people can't determine the coordinates. However, due to the principle of fairness, some things that have no trace to follow and no sign to ask for, some people call it law, others call it providence, and one or two watchmen with excellent eyesight or experienced old sailors will be arranged on this ship to make them aware of this existence. As a result, they will alarm in horror, make all kinds of terrible predictions and put forward all kinds of possible schemes (although they may not be really effective). And more people, even the captain, are afraid that the waves aroused by the turn will disturb their dreams, preferring to believe that it is just groundless or ulterior motives. If someone can look down at this waterway from the sky, he will surely find that the wrecked DaSong has reached the edge of Zhang Qian Waterfall. Looking back at the history of the Song Dynasty, we can see that only two names of politicians who were reviled by many people at that time, but respected by later generations, are noteworthy: Fan Zhongyan and Wang Anshi. Fan's Qingli New Deal involves reforming the official system, rectifying military equipment, and attaching importance to agriculture and mulberry. It was abolished in less than a year. Thirty years later, Wang's New Deal includes politics, military affairs, agriculture, industry and commerce, culture and education, and its depth and breadth are still amazing even by today's standards. After more than five years of hard work, with Zongshen's death, everything was in vain.
Many years later, in prison, Wen Tianxiang remembered the programmatic document "Ten Answers to Chen" (1043), which implemented the New Deal in September for three years. He still feels that every word is incisive and unforgettable: "The politics of past dynasties have long had disadvantages; Disasters are bound to happen if there are no drawbacks ... The Five Dynasties Rebellion in China was rich in the world for 80 years. Discipline system cuts the moon every day. Officials are trapped, people are trapped outside, barbarians are proud, and thieves are proud. It is necessary to save them. " This is not a paper, but a paper full of loyalty! At this time, Wen Tianxiang understood more deeply that the book "I didn't go to the Emperor's Book" was not his personal misfortune (Wen Tianxiang's reform proposition was also stated in his "palace examination's First Policy", but no matter how well the college entrance examination composition is written, it will not affect the national decision-making, so it doesn't count). He just lost his first chance to rise in official career, while Dasong lost his last chance to save himself.
Later generations wrote two poems with emotion when they visited the temple of the Prime Minister: "Hold the soil to stop the flood river, and hold a rope in Gai Lou." (Du Guang recommended "Crying for the Prime Minister") Wen Tianxiang must have a heart when he knows. From being demoted in the year of Kai Qingyuan to being defeated in an empty pit, Haifeng was captured. What Wen Tianxiang has done for more than ten years is nothing more than what a doctor has done for a terminally ill patient. He also faces the moral dilemma faced by doctors in that situation: whether to prolong his life and increase his pain, or to reduce his pain and end his life. There is no doubt that the heyday of the Yuan Dynasty and the decline of the Song Dynasty. What should he do to be worthy of the country, the army and the people, and his own beliefs and conscience is a big problem. As you can imagine, even if the idea of "letting nature take its course" occasionally flashed in Wen Tianxiang's mind, it would be immediately stifled by the inherent moral concept and value system, followed by deep guilt and double loyalty. Since ancient times, China and foreign countries have been at odds. Only when summer changes into summer will there be a change from summer to summer? What is Yidi? Eating like an animal ... any realistic consideration of this moral-oriented country will be vulnerable to some ridiculous judgments today. Wen Tianxiang can only have one choice, otherwise there will be no Wen Tianxiang as we know it today. Although the price he chose was not only personal, but also the anxiety of this ancient land in the war and the suffering of the people in the shadow of swords. So, a civilian who can't actually play with swords and guns put on his armor, mounted his horse and began to play the last deep accent for this song that has been dragged on for 300 years.
If we can completely isolate ourselves, put aside the background of the times and all other specific factors, and regard Wen Tianxiang as a traditional scholar in our country, we can say that he is a lucky man. These two dreams, from the top scholar to the prime minister, and then to the prime minister, were realized by Wen Tianxiang. Regrettably, everything we left behind will undoubtedly weigh heavily on him, thus turning this lucky anomaly into a complete misfortune.
In the second year of Deyou (1276), because Chen fled, no one was in charge of the overall situation in the DPRK, and Wen Tianxiang was appointed as the right prime minister and a Tang Dynasty envoy. The first thing the Manchu dynasty asked him to do was to surrender to Yuan Ying. Then there is the narrow escape we know in the preface of the southern tour guide. When Wen Tianxiang returned to Fuzhou by boat from today's Wangyao Port in Nantong (named after him), he was just catching up with Chen and Zhang Shijie, and was appointed as a general doctor, right prime minister and envoy of the Tang Dynasty. Judging from his position alone, Wen Tianxiang seems to be a combination of military and political power, but the actual authority is controlled by Chen Hezhang. Because of their exclusion, Wen Tianxiang could not be put to good use in the central government, so he was forced to set up a general's office in Jiangxi to retreat. In the predicament of no money, no food and no support, Wen Tianxiang miraculously took 100,000 troops to Jiangxi and recovered many counties. It is this local "Zhongxing Meteorology" that quickly attracted the attention of the main force of the Yuan Army. Zhang Hongfan, commander-in-chief of the Yuan Army, suspended his pursuit of the exiled small court in the Southern Song Dynasty and heavily encircled Wen Tianxiang. Wen Tianxiang's team was quickly dispersed and captured in Wufoling, Haifeng.
In the last battle of Song and Yuan Dynasties, when the Jianshan naval battle broke out, Wen Tianxiang was being held on the ship of Yuan Army. Just a few days ago, Zhang Hongfan asked him to write a book to persuade Zhang Shijie. Wen Tianxiang said, "I can't defend my parents, but I teach people to rebel against them. Is that all right? " [5] and write "Crossing Zero" to answer, Zhang will not say much. Looking at Zhang Shijie's conservative formation, thousands of warships with low morale collapsed and disappeared under the sharp offensive of the Yuan Army. Wen Tianxiang stamped his feet and beat his chest and wept bitterly, struggling to throw himself into the sea, but was stopped.
The downfall of the Southern Song Dynasty dealt a great blow to Wen Tianxiang, which is no different from an architect who witnessed the collapse of the building he devoted his life to. For a man with ideals, ambitions and moral integrity, the meaning and value of life is the decisive reason for his existence. Then when the carrier on which this meaning and value depend suddenly loses, the easiest idea to get rid of between pain and hesitation is to beg for death. On the way to the north, Wen Tianxiang looked for opportunities to splash water many times. Knowing that it was impossible to splash water because of the strict precautions of the Yuan Army, he began to hunger strike again. Also, due to Yuan's forced feeding, Wen Tianxiang didn't eat for eight days, but he still didn't die. To the relief of the escort, from the ninth day, Wen Tianxiang resumed his own meal. For this change, people's understanding is naturally not that Wen Tianxiang can't stand the pain of hard death. Compared with all the hardships he has experienced, this is nothing at all. The only reasonable explanation is that he has found the sustenance of his life again.
Since the pre-Qin period, the life value orientation of China scholars has basically hovered on three levels: virtue, merit and opinion. In different times and different social and cultural environments, its emphasis is different. Zhao and Song Dynasties were founded in the Five Dynasties Rebellion. The decadent wind and moral corruption since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties gave birth to Song Dynasty, and put forward the historical task of rectifying feudal ethics, restoring social order and rebuilding Confucian moral rationality. Therefore, from the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, both the emperor and the intellectuals themselves put moral construction in a very important position. In the era of reviving Confucianism and reforming ethics, the life value orientation of the literati in the Song Dynasty also changed as a whole, that is, from the pursuit of fame and fortune by scholars in the Han and Tang Dynasties to the promotion of the spirit of moral subject, and Lide rose to the first place in life value. This is of fundamental significance to our understanding of Wen Tianxiang's later behavior. When the country was in danger, loyalty was the armor of fools, and propriety was the only way for fools to save the country, so Wen Tianxiang joined the army; After the country's demise, Wen Tianxiang's duties as prime minister no longer exist objectively. After a short period of vacant state, the pursuit of moral honor quickly became his new spiritual pillar.
Even at this point, Wen Tianxiang still faces two choices: one is to commit suicide in the name of a martyr, which is a relatively simple method adopted by many people; The second is to fight to the end. In fact, this is a very challenging and risky road, because no one can predict what will happen in the future. It seems that, like many outstanding people who like to prove themselves through hard ways, Wen Tianxiang chose the latter. In fact, Wen Tianxiang didn't know that wherever he went during the escort, Han Confucian scholars wrote their own "life eulogy". They wanted a prime minister in their mind, but they were worried that Wen Tianxiang would not be able to withstand the intimidation and inducements of Yuan people when he arrived in the north, so they wanted to use this way to urge Wen Tianxiang to commit suicide. Wen Tianxiang's final performance naturally satisfied them, but Wen Tianxiang's wishful thinking alone would not have led to three years of military prison life. A dazzling spark needs strong friction between flint and steel. Wen Tianxiang is a flint, and the role of the flint will be played by Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu. These two men can be said to be heroes in two different senses. Wen Tianxiang's moral contribution eventually rose to the depressed, strong, tragic and generous cells of the spiritual body of the Chinese nation; However, Kublai Khan's achievements in his career have brought the territory of our country to an unprecedented scale, and in the next 800 years, our country will never be able to make the whole world tremble like in his hands.
As a Mongolian warrior, Kublai Khan has a strong body, a full face of whiskers and a thick beard. The vast grassland endows him with heroic personality and open mind, and he has natural respect and closeness to loyal people. Kublai Khan, as the overlord of a generation, did not have the literary talent of Xuanzong in the Tang Dynasty, nor did he have the fullness of poetry books of sages in the Qing Dynasty. The key to politics is to get people, similar to those Han monarchs with humble origins. He is good at recruiting talents, treating others with sincerity, using them with faith, and being generous to high officials, which is the secret of his success. He paid attention to making friends very early, and even invited Han Ru. The Chronicle of the Ancestors in the History of the Yuan Dynasty says that he "thought big and established the world, delayed the old ministers of the vassal government and literary scholars from all sides, and sought the rule of law". Xu Shilong's Tombstone of Wang E, quoted in A Brief Account of Famous Officials at the End of Yuan Dynasty, also said that it was heard that Emperor Taizong was the king of Qin, and scholars from all walks of life spread the theory of treating diseases, which finally led to peace and joy. In the process of competing with the Song Dynasty, he understood a truth even more: the world can use force but not force. His soldiers can easily level a city, but they can't make it prosperous. His great power can make countless southerners awe, but it cannot make them loyal and obedient. He needs a right-hand man worthy of his great empire and his great emperor. So, Kublai Khan suddenly asked his ministers during a patrol: "Who are the prime ministers of the North and South?" All the ministers said, "Northerners are like Lu Ye Chu Cai, and southerners are like Wen Tianxiang." [6] The ministers' answers are actually Yuan Shizu's own judgments. He made up his mind to keep Wen Tianxiang for his own use, and even optimistically thought that, just like those civil servants and military commanders who suffered from cowardice in the Southern Song Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang would soon become his own.
Under Kublai Khan's arrangement, the Yuan Dynasty had five activities (not including letters) to persuade Wen Tianxiang to surrender. The first idea is the most failure. Kublai Khan actually sent a dream of surrender when Lin' an was besieged. Liu's experience is somewhat similar to that of Wen Tianxiang. Both of them are prime ministers, and Kublai Khan thought that they should have the same language. Unexpectedly, Wen Tianxiang hates such an ungrateful wimp thief, and Liu Dezhi trip can only bring shame to himself. The second one was sent to abandoned Song Gongdi. Kublai Khan felt that since Wen Tianxiang was so loyal to Dasong, he should always listen to Song Gongdi. Little did Wen Tianxiang know that his loyalty was to DaSong, represented by the little emperor, not to the child himself. He understood the intention of the Yuan Dynasty and adopted another coping strategy: as soon as he saw Emperor Gong, he fell to his knees and cried bitterly, begging the holy driver to return to the south to reorganize the rivers and mountains. What does the nine-year-old little emperor know?
Seeing this situation, I began to cry. I have forgotten what adults taught me before. The third and fourth gifts were given to Ahema and Kyle Poirot respectively. Actually, these two people don't want to go. They want to humiliate Wen Tianxiang as a winner. As a result, Wen Tianxiang, who is good at rhetoric, naturally got a boring job. Next, Wen Tianxiang's brother Wen Bi was dispatched. Wen Tianxiang's answer is a poem "Wen Wan Ji Zhi", in which there is a saying that "brothers have prisoners and horses, and half-brothers are half-sisters". There is nothing wrong with surrendering in writing in order to protect the people after the death of Song Dynasty. Wen Tianxiang didn't blame him too much. He asked his younger brother to take away the poems he had sorted out, and also discussed with his younger brother to adopt one of his younger brothers' sons into his own name to inherit the incense, because his sons all died in the war, which was a confession to his ancestors.
Every surrender is a struggle for Wen Tianxiang, whether it's fighting the enemy or facing the moral and emotional conflicts of relatives. Five times, the total is not small, but only once every three and a half years on average, but more often, Wen Tianxiang is with the dungeon. About this cell, the article has a detailed description in the preface to the righteous songs: "The room is eight feet wide and can be searched four times, with a single door and a small window ... four sets of rain, floating beds ... or destroying corpses, or rotting mice, and evil spirits ..." It is inhuman, painful and lonely to say that Wen Tianxiang did not feel bitter at all because of his faith in such an environment. Literature is the most beautiful and elegant outlet of depression, so Wen Tianxiang spent all his spare time sorting out old manuscripts and constantly creating new works. He recalled his success or failure, missed his dead relatives, comrades-in-arms and followers, and used poems to narrate, comment, mourn, shout and sing. At the same time, this way objectively as a psychological self-suggestion, prompting Wen Tianxiang to adhere to this way.
However, the outside environment has gradually changed. Bo Yan and Zhang Hongfan died one after another, and Wen Tianxiang was no longer appreciated and respected in Yuan Dynasty. At this time, it was Mai Shuding who was defeated by Wen Tianxiang in Jiangxi. "History of Song Dynasty" contains: "In the 19th year of Zhiyuan, a monk in Fujian said that Saturn was guilty of sitting on the throne and was suspicious. Not long after, there was a madman in Zhongshan who claimed to be' the Lord of the Song Dynasty', and there were still thousands of soldiers who wanted to take the Prime Minister's article. There is also an anonymous book in the capital, saying that one day the reeds in the city will burn and the two wings will be chaotic, so the Prime Minister can worry. " Whether it's true or not, anyway, Kublai Khan has a lot of letters to kill Wen Tianxiang, so it's time for him to make a choice. Three years of indirect confrontation with Wen Tianxiang, let him understand that Wen Tianxiang is "like a tiger, trying to tame, but never get it" [7], and his attention to Wen Tianxiang has already aroused the dissatisfaction of those southern officials and some northerners who voluntarily surrendered. However, Kublai Khan was still unwilling. On the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month this year, he decided to make his last attempt.
This is the first and last time for two people to meet. Wen Tianxiang was unmoved by Kublai Khan's call. As foreign minister, he did not kneel and bow, but politely thanked Yuan Shizu for his invitation as prime minister. Finally Kublai Khan asked, "What is your wish?" Wen Tianxiang said to him, "Tianxiang is the prime minister of Song Encheng and the second surname of An Shi? It is enough to give a death. " [8] Kublai Khan was speechless.
Wen Tianxiang knew that his time had come, and he was relieved that his mission and prison life were coming to an end. He calmly wrote two desperate poems and gave them to Zhang Qianzai (Shaw), who has been taking care of himself for three years. Zhang Qianzai was an early classmate of Wen Tianxiang. He was invited when he was rich in Wen Tianxiang, but he invited himself to accompany him on his way to Wen Tianxiang. I have been taking care of Wen's diet and daily life for three years. Then Wen Tianxiang wrote an article "Ode to Clothes" and hid it between his belts.
The next day, Wen Tianxiang was taken to the firewood market in the north of Yanjing. Before the execution, the executioner told Wen Tianxiang that he could go back on his word and become prime minister. Wen Tianxiang replied, I have done everything I want to do. He was beheaded. A few days later, Wen Tianxiang's wife Ouyang Shilai came to collect the body and found the article Zanfu in Wen Tianxiang's clothes. He said: "Confucius said benevolent governance, Mencius said taking justice, and its righteousness is exhausted, so it is benevolent governance." What have you learned from reading the books of sages? Sometimes, you have no conscience. "
After Wen Tianxiang's death, the Song Dynasty really perished.