Guanzi is a book that records the words and deeds of Guan Zhong, a statesman and thinker of Qi State during the Spring and Autumn Period of China (770-476 BC). It was written from the Warring States Period (475 ~ 22 BC1) to the Qin and Han Dynasties. When Liu Xiang compiled Guanzi, there were 86 articles, 76 of which were in this edition, and the rest 10 were only in the catalogue.
Guan Zhong (723 BC-about 645 BC), Han nationality, was a famous politician and strategist of Qi in the Spring and Autumn Period, and was born in Yingshang (now Yingshang, Anhui). Guan Zhong lost his father at a young age, his mother was in the hospital, and he lived in poverty. He had to shoulder the burden of his family early. In order to make a living, he joined the army after doing business in partnership with Bao. After many twists and turns, he was recommended by Bao as the prime minister of Qi State, which was called "the first phase in the Spring and Autumn Period" and assisted him to become the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period. Therefore, Guan Zhong's remarks that "Guan is a scholar" were found in the Mandarin Chyi Yu, and another "Guan Zi" was handed down from generation to generation. 1, it is self-evident that being a monarch and being an official; Being a minister is more important than being an official, not talking from appearance. The monarch's way is unknown, which makes people suspicious; With different powers, the righteous are confused. If the people have doubts and cannot reconcile, then the people's peace will still be exposed and ordered to stop. Therefore, people who can be like the way of the country and add it to the people enough to decorate officials are also wise. Those who can do the word of the Lord and the heart of the people, but enough to repair righteousness and obey orders, are loyal ministers. If you look up at the table, you will know those evil ones.
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To be a monarch, we should stress the method of obedience to officials and not interfere in the affairs within the scope of duties of officials; As a minister, you should deal with things within your responsibility, not interfere with them. The way of a gentleman is unknown, and those who are ordered to be officials must be suspicious; If authority is not unified, law-abiding people will be confused. If the people have doubts and hesitations and the monarch can't correct them, then the people are alienated from the monarch, just like putting up a notice to stop them. Therefore, it is a wise monarch to be able to serve the country and the people, and to govern officials and turn them into people. In the face of the monarch, there is nothing to say, while below, there are loyal ministers who can do things for the people and abide by the law. Obey the monarch's way above and observe each other from top to bottom, just like watching a wooden watch to test the shadow of the sun. Anyone who is wrong can be separated.
2, the official husband is the master, and the person is the teacher. Teach the people, talk about unyielding, reward sincerity, show yourself as a monarch and minister, and defend the war with sincerity. In this way, the man's husband was investigated. Officials and misers have their own laws about things. They talk about the establishment of laws, the balance of power, the confrontation of welcoming guests and the disintegration of literature, not personal matters, but things. In this way, the problems of collectors and misers will be investigated. After being a teacher by example and an official by law, even if you are sincere, you can't be good; And those who are arrogant must not be defeated. In this way, the matter between the man and the king was investigated. Therefore, for a gentleman, in terms of his career, in terms of his affairs. Those excellent people will be respected by their ranks and the thickness of their fields, but the people don't admire them. Those who do this will be punished by the humiliation of abolishing death and the punishment of death, but the people will not get sick. Killing people is not illegal, and people should not leave their loved ones behind. This is the only way to understand the law, but the next thing is common.
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The "official miser" is an inspector, and the "civilian miser" is an enlightenment. Education should face the people, punishment should not be unjust and selfish, rewards should be sincere, and the spirit of monarch and minister should be reflected, and its effect is manifested in the people's defense of the country and combat. In this way, Min Yinfu's duties were completed. Officials and husbands fully grasp the measurement rules and laws. Deliberating criminal law, weighing, debating, announcing and illegally broadcasting are not judged by personal opinions, but based on facts. In this way, the duties of a formal husband are completed. After the civil servants established discipline and the officials legislated, even those who truly believed in Park Chung-shin were not allowed to join. And lazy people are not allowed to destroy it. In this way, the monarch's duty is completed. Therefore, to be a gentleman, officials, misers and folk singers should be assessed according to their responsibilities and statutes. People with good grades will get the titles of nobles and beautiful land, and the people will not have the psychology of comparison and envy. Those who make mistakes will be humiliated by dismissal and severely punished by death, and the people dare not complain. Life and death are not illegal, and parents and people are not abandoned. To do this, we must rely on a clear legal system above and a fixed responsibility below.
3, the sky has a constant image, the earth has a constant shape, and people have a constant ceremony. A set without much, this is called three constants. At the same time, the way of a gentleman is also; Separation of duties, people and ministers also. If you lose your way, you can't have your country; I lost my job, so I have no place to live. However, the animals above are not mistaken, and the things below are not empty. If the animals above are not mistaken, then the legal system will be clear; If the next thing is not empty, then follow justice and obey the judge. Next trial, next trial, next trial, next trial. You don't lose your prestige, and you don't want to exploit your wealth, but Mo Xiangde also. It is the human morality above, and the people below are sober. Righteousness and propriety are formed in the world and spread to the people, so the people are above the Lord and the agriculture is below. Therefore: Ming army, faith, facial features, honesty, ignorance of agriculture, and the will of business workers, then the upper and lower parts of the body are separated from the outside world, and the nature of the people is therefore three-clan.
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The sky has constant weather, the earth has constant form, and people have constant etiquette, which will not change once it is established. These are the so-called three constants. The unified planning of the overall situation is the way of human monarch; Being in charge of all kinds of duties is a matter of people and ministers. A gentleman violates your way and cannot keep his country; If a minister neglects his duty, he can't keep his office. In this case, you can sincerely support the minister and do things honestly. The monarch supports the minister with sincerity, that is to say, it is wise to legislate and customize the monarch; I am honest in my affairs, that is, I am cautious among my courtiers, who obey the laws of public service and obey orders. Kamiuchi, with ulterior motives, United as one, and formed a certain order with each other. The monarch does not lose his prestige, and the deputy does not waste his career. No one needs to be grateful to anyone. Therefore, everyone in the world pays attention to morality, keeps his duty, forms a model of benevolence, righteousness, propriety and righteousness on it, and goodness permeates the people below. In this way, the people all attached themselves to the monarch and devoted themselves to agriculture. Therefore, the monarch is wise, loyal, serious in facial features, honest in scholars, simple in farmers and sincere in businessmen and craftsmen. Then, there is a certain system from top to bottom, and there are certain differences inside and outside; People's lives depend on it. Agriculture, commerce and industry are all managed.
4, the husband is king, and the shadow is also in people; Those who are ministers are also from the upper class. People are the best, eat enough for work; As a minister, you should be taught when you are appointed. If there is a balance between the government and the people, the country will be rich. If you work hard and collect money, the people will be unfortunate; If the punishment is not equal, there is no complaint; Justified, the people are not confused by the Tao. Tao is also the reason why people are Tao. Therefore, virtue comes from the monarch, the order is passed on to the phase, the cause lies in the official, and the power of the people also makes the people move. People are also gentlemen, not as expensive as they say; People and ministers have no love as their strength. Words are forceful, but I'm at my wit's end. Therefore, the master painted it and accompanied it; If you draw it, the official will keep it; Official painting, civil service; Then Jeff, Xi, Canon and policy book slapped each other. This is fair art, destroying traitors and forgers.
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To be a gentleman is to protect people with virtue; To be a minister is to live by a monarch. To be a gentleman, you must assess your performance and pay enough salary; Servants should accept the task and carry it out seriously. If the administration attaches importance to equality, the people's industry can be self-sufficient and the country will be rich. If the reward is based on merit, the people will not be lucky enough to drag out an ignoble existence; If there is no deviation in punishment, there will be no complaint below. If the name is justified and the responsibilities are clear, the people will not doubt the way of governing the country. The so-called "Tao" is what the monarch uses to guide the people. Therefore, Tao and virtue come from the monarch; The legal system and order are transferred from auxiliary to auxiliary; Various undertakings are decided by officials; The strength of the people is to wait for orders and act. Therefore, to be a gentleman, nothing is more valuable than words. Nothing is more precious than talent as a minister. The words of the monarch are conveyed to the minister, and the talents of the minister are reached by the monarch, and the way of the monarch and the minister is complete. So the monarch gives advice and the prime minister abides by it; The prime minister gives advice and officials abide by it; Only when officials make suggestions will the people contribute to the service. Then Jeff, India, regulations, laws, documents and books to test and manage, these are the ways to identify justice and eliminate traitors and forgeries.
5. On the quantity and energy of materials, for the sake of virtue and morality; Wholehearted, keep your job, don't work, do nothing. If you are a gentleman, you will be dismissed. If you are a minister, you will devote yourself to this world, and you will lose your power. Therefore, there is a king who has a way. His virtue is to serve the people, not to say that he is smart. Smart people, the next job; So, if you are smart, you are on the right path. The superior knows his way, the inferior keeps his post, and the upper and lower posts are divided into one.
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Choosing talents, considering virtues, and then using them is the "Tao" for the monarch. Concentrate, stick to your post, and don't think you are working hard. This is the "thing" of being a minister. If you are a gentleman, if you interfere in the affairs within the scope of official duties, the competent official cannot be responsible; If a person is a minister, if he seizes the authority of the monarch, the monarch will lose his prestige. Therefore, a king who has the means always leads the people by correcting his own morality, without paying attention to intelligence. Intelligence is required by the functions of liegeman; How to use the intelligence of liegeman is the way to govern. The upper level should define the monarch's way, the lower level should keep the official position, and the upper and lower tasks are different. And they're one.
6. I am an old friend who is grateful and handsome; Be healthy and serve others. It's not fair if you get well. It is impossible for the state to be unfair to the monarch, and often reward him without punishing him. If you can't govern the country, then the people will be compared with their cronies, and the decoration will be cleverly privatized. If the legal system is formal, then the people will not be scattered but close, and they will exhaust their feelings to accept their loyalty. Therefore, it is the minister's responsibility not to talk about intelligence, to govern the country and to solve the country's problems. Not to be smart, but to be kind, to be hypocritical and to be heard by many people.
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Therefore, it is a person who knows people well and is a person who uses people. The monarch is also hands-on. You can't be fair If the monarch is unjust, he often prefers reward to punishment. In this way, the country will have no legal system. Therefore, if the rule cannot be controlled, the people will engage in gang collusion, hypocrisy and cunning, and fulfill their personal interests. If the legal system works well, the people will not be appointed by gangs, but will be able to get close to the court and contribute their loyalty wholeheartedly. Therefore, the monarch does not pay attention to intelligence, but he can manage the state affairs and eliminate the suffering of the country. This is because of the appointment of the minister. The monarch does not pay attention to intelligence, but he can make good people useful, and traitors are punished. This is because there are more people listening to the country.
7. Think that the people are kings, sit at the origin of everything, be officials, and be students. Select talents and judge them by law. If you get the person you want, you will be blessed if you sit down, but you can't win it. It is impossible to win and save an official who is incompetent and runs away to serve the defeated army. Moreover, the country has never lacked capable people, and its understanding is not enough. Knowing a competent minister is also a wise judge. Therefore, it is said: the Lord has a way, talent is good, and the people govern. It is up to the Lord to control the chaos.
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Therefore, to be a monarch is to master the principle of everything and give people a position. Select talents according to their abilities and abilities, and treat and use them according to statutes. If you use talents correctly and properly, you can rule the country on the ground, and the benefits are not all there. If officials are incompetent, even if they are eager to do it, it is difficult to remedy their own corruption. There is no shortage of competent talents in this country. Only the monarch's insight can't understand them yet. Therefore, a wise monarch always pays close attention to competent officials. Therefore, the monarch's way is correct, talents use it, the people govern it, and the chaos of the country depends only on the monarch.
8. Therefore: the subject is the foundation of Zheng De; Officials (rulers) have eyes and ears. Stand by the people, ethics and official rule. To govern officials and turn the people into the people, it is necessary to be superior. Therefore, a gentleman wants nothing from the people. It is the revision of the things above and below, and the victory of the things below and above. For the top and right, but also against; Win at the bottom, do the opposite. The state is rebellious, and some indigenous people are out of discipline. Therefore, if you don't pay attention to justification, this is called reason, and this is called Tao without losing. Morality is fixed, and people's hearts are on track. People with the right path are good at trying, not people who defend themselves. And the king who can't help it, since he has managed to do it, will do it in private without law. If you interpret the law for your superiors and do something private, then the minister will help the private and think it is public. Justice is a private road that does not violate the law. Do what's right, trust your private interests, but you haven't known each other for a long time and have no experience. The accumulation of treacherous hearts, the big ones are in danger of invasion and killing, and the small ones are in chaos. The reason for this is that the main virtue is not established and the country is impermanent. If the main virtue is not established, then women can eat whatever they want; If the country is impermanent, I dare to invade its potential. Ministers are false about women's ability to adjust their main feelings; Women spoil men's knowledge in order to help foreign countries. As a result, the foreign lady was in danger of being a prince, and the soldiers fought at home to call the foreign coach. So is this danger signal.
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Therefore, the monarch itself is the basis of regulating virtue, and officials, like eyes and ears, are subject to this fundamental constraint. The monarch stood. The people are educated; If the monarch has virtue, officials can manage it well, and the key to managing officials and educating people lies in the monarch. Therefore, a gentleman does not ask the people. Therefore, the above intervention in the following positions is called "correction"; The following intervention in the above matters is called "victory". The "right" in the world is absurd; The winner in the next place is rebellious. If the country does not obey, it is the result that the monarch who owns the land and rules the people loses discipline. Therefore, it is called "reason" to distinguish the relationship between the upper and lower levels and standardize the duties of the monarch and the minister; Following principles and not making mistakes is called "Tao". Once the moral norms are determined, the people will have a track to follow. A man with a way is good at understanding the legislative system and is not hindered by selfishness. But a monarch who can't help it, even if he establishes the legal system, will abandon the law and be private. If you abandon the law for the monarch and do private things, you will be selfish for the minister. When we say not to violate justice, we actually mean not to violate personal interests. On the surface, it is to enforce justice, but in fact it is to entrust self-interest. If it is not discovered for a long time, how can its evil thoughts not accumulate? The more evil thoughts accumulate, the more disastrous it is to invade and kill the monarch in big places and collude with infighting in small places. This happened because the monarch's morality was not established and the country had no common law. If you don't stand up, women can spy on his thoughts; The minister dared to usurp his power. Ministers use women's roles to spy on the monarch's intentions, and favored women use men's intelligence to attract foreign forces. In this way, the monarch will abandon his wife and harm him, and there will be a mutiny inside, thus attracting foreigners. These are all manifestations of endangering the monarch.
9, is the king of the Tao, there are five senses grazing its people, so people dare not deviate; If there are five flags to beat its officials, some departments dare not leave the law and make it go away. If the imperial court is large and respects the theme, costumes and laws, then the monarch will stand by and watch the law. According to the law, the monarch gives orders and the company is ordered to act. People obey orders and become common, but Xi Zhi is a long time. If they break the custom and leave the believers, they will be embarrassed by their superiors.
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Therefore, a well-known monarch set up five senses on it to govern the people, so that the people dare not go out of line; There are five officials picketing the officials below, so the deacons dare not deviate from the legal system and exercise their functions and powers. The imperial court has a certain system and etiquette to respect the status of the monarch, and the monarch's clothes-a robe and a crown-also have statutes, so that the monarch can govern according to law. The monarch gives orders according to law, officials do it, and the people do it. Over time, it has become a routine. If a person violates the custom and deviates from the ethical code, the masses will accuse him and the monarch will feel at ease.
10, the emperor orders the world, the princes obey the emperor, the doctors obey the king, the children obey their parents, and the younger brother listens to them. This is very smooth. Weigh a stone, measure a bucket, measure a ruler. It was once true that soldiers had the same name and cars were on the same track. From submission to independence, from righteousness to independence, this is still a night of seeking and getting fire. The traitors have nothing to hide. The reason why this late king won the hearts of the people is also. Therefore, the son of heaven is good to win the day; Good ministers, praised by the emperor; Good doctor, he accepts from you; Everyone has goodness, which is rooted in his father and praised by his elders. What this Tao has been doing is to cure the root cause. This is an old word, and so are you; Save time, also; Monthly records, officials also; Shu Ren is also the person who manages four branches and cultivates the agricultural industry for orders. Therefore, the people measure the strength between their fathers and brothers, listen to their words in the righteousness of the monarch and the minister, and officials treat them with virtue and ability. There are more doctors than officials, so you don't have to say anything; And the phase is often given. It is always important to be an official and a counselor, to measure truth, goodness and beauty and to ask questions. The monarch ordered his government to record Fari, standing above the third order, and was wanted by the south. More than one day, the official wins his position; Seasons are not lewd, but given by the people. Only in this way can there be a legal system and a division of responsibilities.
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The son of heaven gives orders to the world, governors obey the son of heaven, doctors obey their own monarch, sons obey their parents, and younger brothers obey their younger brothers. This is the most smooth order. The weighing of balance stone, bucket, ruler, weapon, handwriting and rut width are unified. This is the most correct specification. If everyone is obedient, but one person is not obedient, everyone is positive and one person is biased. It's like looking for something in the dark and seeing a fire. You can't hide a traitor. This is also the reason why the late king insisted on unifying the people's hearts. Therefore, if the son of heaven has achievements, he will give his merits to heaven; The achievement of princes belongs to the son of heaven; When a doctor has made achievements, he will devote himself to his own monarch; People's achievements can be traced back to their parents and attributed to their elders. This is the foundation of "Tao" and "law" and the foundation of governing the country. Therefore, it is the monarch who inspects the work every year, the assistant minister who inspects the work according to the four seasons, the officials who assess it monthly, and the people who engage in labor-specific agriculture, waiting for the orders from above. Therefore, for ordinary people, their labor should be evaluated between their fathers and brothers, and their remarks should be listened to on the basis of benevolence and righteousness of the monarch, and then their talents and abilities should be selected by officials and dedicated to the monarch. Doctors only arrange affairs within their official positions, regardless of things outside their duties; As for the auxiliary stage, it is necessary to formulate regular regulations to give officials a basis. The assistant minister is in charge of the center, and the hundred officials and counselors evaluate the good strategy according to the actual situation. If in doubt, please ask the assistant minister to correct me. The monarch sent relevant laws and letters to examine the walls of the mansion, but stood on the third steps and accepted the political affairs presented by the auxiliary phase to the south. In this way, the monarch has leisure time and the officials are competent; There is nothing wrong with the laws of the four seasons, and the people seriously complete the supply for them. This is because there is a legal system in the world, and there are different positions below.
1 1, Taoist, sincere surname, absent. And the holy king Mingjun, knowing what it is, knows what it is. Therefore, if there is a common way to govern the people, there is a common way to make money. Tao is also important to everything. If you are a monarch, you will treat him with important things, but even if you are treacherous, you dare not kill him. The husband's way exists in name only, the people who are in it are communicating, and the people who are dead are also blocking. If you don't care about people, you can't make money without caring about people. If you care about people's money, you will be blessed. Is to know that the monarch values the road and ignores the country. So, if you are a country, your way will be the same. The king is in the world, and his way is also king. The king is in the world, Xiaojun is the country, and his way is near. That is, those who want get the people and those who do evil get the people. Those who want can get many people, so they are talented; Evil people can get rid of all the people, so they rape and falsify the province. If metallurgy is to gold, pottery is to the ground, and system is to work.
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Tao comes from people's lives, not people. The holy king Mingjun is considerate and considerate. Therefore, there is a formal way to govern the people and a formal way to make money. Tao is the pivot of all things. As a gentleman, you should master this fulcrum to deal with things. The following is treachery, so I dare not try. "Tao" exists in the virtual place, and the people on the street are there, and the Tao will pass unimpeded; Without pedestrians, the road was blocked. Without Tao, people can't govern, and without Tao, people can't manage money. Since wealth is educated by the people, welfare still belongs to the monarch. From this point of view, it is understandable that a wise monarch attaches importance to Taoism, law and country. Therefore, the monarch's rule over a country is the way he rules there; The emperor ruled the world, and his emperor Wang Zhidao ruled where. No matter how big they rule the world or how small they rule a country, their Tao works there. So what he wants can be obtained from the people, and what he hates can be removed from the people. Questioners can get it from the people, so talented people can use it; The wicked can be eliminated from the people, so traitors can be found. It's as if the metal that a metallurgist wants to make and the clay that a Potter wants to make have been mastered by craftsmen.
12, so it will be with it, and Huihou can't provide it; Will kill it, Wei Yan can't shake it. Wei Yan can't vibrate, Hui Hou can't provide it, and the sound is real. There are good people who leave no rewards, so the people don't care about their own interests; People who make mistakes will not be punished, so people will not get sick. If the compulsory system is not more than the people's system, then the people will go back to their relatives. If it rains, feet will fall off and feet will rise.
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Therefore, it is necessary to reward, but it is too thick to supply; If you're going to kill someone, you can't be too strict. It is because the treatment is not true, the killing is too strict to deter, and the reward is too thick to afford. People will not consider self-interest if they get the reward they deserve for doing good deeds without discount; If there is a fault, if the punishment is not delayed, the people will not complain about the punishment. When rewards and punishments are not beyond the people's due, the people will be attached to and close to the monarch. It's like rain. When it rains a foot, the seedlings in the field grow a foot.
13 is based on the fact that officials are not officials, things are not things, and people who are solitary and talk nonsense are also masters. The former king is alive, and the people are better than God. Mu Zhi was kind to the people before the king. Listening to others is stupid, but listening to others together is sacred. Although it has the virtues of Tang Wu, it is a mixture of the words of city people. It is based on a wise monarch's obedience to the people's hearts and his peace of mind, and it comes from the gathering of the hearts of the people. It is based on orders rather than records, and the punishment is set without use. The late king was good and the people were one. To be integrated with the people is to protect the country and the people. However, it is inconvenient for the people.
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Therefore, giving people official positions without being an official, giving people jobs without being an official, and acting independently without being assessed are the status of the monarch. When the ancient king was in charge of the world, the people compared his virtue to a god, and the ancient king was also good at absorbing people's opinions. It is foolish to listen only to personal opinions; Listening comprehensively and comprehensively will be instructive. Even with the morality of Shang Tang and Zhou Wuwang, we should collect people's opinions in various ways. Therefore, a wise monarch obeys people's hearts, adapts to people's temperament, and acts from places that everyone cares about. In this way, if the order is arranged, it will not interfere; The punishment is fixed, but it is not necessary. The former king was good at blending with the people. Being integrated with the people means using the country to defend the country and using the people to defend the people. Of course, the people will not do evil.
14, although there is a wise gentleman, he is a hundred paces away, listening but not listening; Between the walls, you can see it. And the person named Mingjun, the monarch makes good use of the minister, and the minister makes good use of his loyalty. Faith follows faith, and goodness spreads goodness. Within the four seas, it can be cured. It is based on the actions of a wise monarch, who knows his own shortcomings and what he can't benefit from it. If he does it, he will do it. The sage's minister is also the master, knowing the shortcomings and physical strength, and giving the official the ability. In this animal, in this case, the date of delivery is right, then this person is both male and female.
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Although he is a wise gentleman, he can't hear even if he is a hundred paces away. Across a wall. You can't see it. But he can be called a wise gentleman because he is good at appointing his deputies and they are good at contributing his loyalty. Cautious and prudent, good and good, so it can be managed well in the four seas. Therefore, when using the following talents, Mingjun always fully understands his shortcomings and strengths, and understands the highest limit of his talents before appointing him. A virtuous man who serves the monarch always fully understands his shortcomings and strengths, and realizes the limits of his power before he can measure his ability and accept an official position. The monarch adopts his adjutant according to this principle, and the adjutant serves the monarch according to this principle. Everyone thinks about justice, so the people, both men and women, can be well governed.