First, China classical songs
Mountain Flowing Water is one of the top ten ancient songs in China. It is said that Boya, a pianist in the pre-Qin period, once played the piano on a barren land, but Zhong Ziqi, a woodcutter, can understand that this is a description of "ambition in the mountains" and "running water with lofty sentiments". Boya exclaimed, "Great, my son's heart is the same as mine." After Zhong Ziqi's death, Boya lost her bosom friend, broke the piano, and never played it for life, so there was a song of high mountains and flowing water.
"Mountain Flowing Water" originated from Liezi? Tang Wen, it is said that Boya is good at drumming and Zhong Ziqi is good at listening. Zhong Ziqi will understand what Boya said. Boya's ambition is to play the piano in the mountains. Zhong Ziqi said, "It is good to play the piano, but it is magnificent if you are on Mount Tai.". But his ambition is to play the piano in running water. Zhong Ziqi said, "Well played, like a river." Zhong Ziqi died, Boya broke the piano and never played it again, thinking that there were not enough pianos in the world. Later, I used "high mountains and flowing water" as a metaphor for a bosom friend or confidant.
As a guzheng music, "Mountains and Rivers" is one of the representative tracks. However, there are three most common versions, one is Shandong Zheng School, the other is Zhejiang Zheng School and the other is Henan Zheng School.
There are three versions because the tunes are completely different, not because of the different playing techniques.
Shandong Zheng School of Qilu Big Class: When playing, the big finger is frequently used, which is vigorous and powerful. Even if it is a "flower finger", it is mostly a big finger playing with a "brace"; But the left hand is both rigid and soft, sonorous and deep, and the playing style is simple.
"Zhongzhou Classical Tune" (or "Voice of Zheng Wei") Henan Zheng School: The performance of Henan Zheng has a great feature, that is, the right hand starts from the place near the Qin code and flows to the place near Yueshan. At the same time, the left hand shakes a lot, and the music performance is very dramatic and effective. In Zheng, Henan, this skill is called "wandering". Among them, left-hand sliding pressure (left-hand pressing to the phoneme slightly retreats when playing the string, and greeting sounds slide up quickly, leaving no sensitive traces), small vibrato (vibrato is thin and tight), sliding vibrato (edge vibrato) and big vibrato (vibrato is wide and affectionate) are the most distinctive. In terms of playing style, no matter Adagio or Allegro, no matter whether the music is cheerful or sad, they are not keen on pursuing beautiful and elegant styles, but are good at being rich and simple, characterized by deep passion. In Fu Xuan's Fu Zheng? In the preface, the evaluation of Henan Zheng music is "the music is high and few, and the technology is difficult to work."
Zhejiang Zheng School, which has Wulin Yi Yun, is characterized by "big finger shaking", "four o'clock fast", "playing the piano" and "lifting the string", learning and integrating the playing techniques of pipa, sanxian, dulcimer and even western musical instruments. The application of "finger shake" in Zhejiang Zheng is played with thumb as a fine shake, and its effect is very similar to that of bowstring instruments. Strictly speaking, this is not found in the traditional Zheng music of other schools, because the fingering or fingering of other schools actually uses the thumb as a relatively quick support and parting, while the fingering of Zhejiang Zheng shows its own characteristics, which is different from other schools.
However, the mountains and rivers of Zhejiang Zheng School have beautiful tunes. At the beginning, the right hand spans three octaves to show the grandeur of the mountain and the clarity of the water at the same time. In the middle of the song, the right hand is as smooth as water, and the coordination of the left hand in the bass position is as high as a mountain. In the second half, the flower refers to the rapidity of continuous paddling and hitting the mountain. Finally, it ends with overtones, soft and crisp as a dripping stone.
"Mountain Flowing Water" takes "Boya Guqin meets a bosom friend" as the main line, and there are many kinds of Le Shu. There are two kinds of Qin music and Zheng music, both of which have the same name and different styles.
[Edit this paragraph] Qin Qu
Guqin music During the Warring States Period, there was a story of Qin Le about high mountains and flowing water, so it was also said that "high mountains and flowing water" was written by Boya. The music score was first seen in The Secret Music of the Ming Dynasty (written by Zhu Quan at 1425). The solution of this score is: "Mountain Flowing Water is two songs, but there is only one. The first ambition is to care about mountains and rivers, saying that benevolent people are Leshan. The ambition of the future is to care about running water, which means that the wise are happy with water. The Tang dynasty is divided into two songs, regardless of section. The highest mountain is divided into four sections and eight sections of flowing water. " For more than 2,000 years, two famous guqin songs, Mountain and Running Water, together with the story of Boya guqin meeting a bosom friend, have been widely circulated among the people.
"Mountain Flowing Water" takes "Boya Guqin meets a bosom friend" as the main line, and there are many kinds of Le Shu. There are two kinds of Qin music and Zheng music, both of which have the same name and different styles.
With the development of Qin's performing arts since Ming and Qing Dynasties, "mountain" and "water" have undergone great changes. The legendary secret score is not segmented, but later the piano score is segmented. Among all kinds of music scores since Ming and Qing Dynasties, Running Water, which was adapted by Sichuan pianist Zhang Kongshan, was included in Tian Wen Song Score (1876) compiled by Tang Dynasty in Qing Dynasty. The sixth paragraph of the technique of "rolling, brushing, dialing and noting", also known as "seventy-two rolling and brushing water", is widely used because of its vivid image and blending of scenes. According to the research of Qin family, before Tian Wenqin's Song Score was published, there was no sixth paragraph played by Zhang Kongshan in all Qin Scores, and the whole song had only eight paragraphs, which was consistent with the solution of the Magic Secret Manual. However, the biography of Zhang Kongshan was increased to nine paragraphs, and then the Qin family followed suit.
There is also a guzheng song "Mountain Stream and Running Water", the music is quite different from piano music, and it is also based on "Boya Guqin meets a bosom friend". There are many genres of music books. The most widely circulated and influential is the Biography of Zhejiang Wulin School, with elegant melody and meaningful charm, which has the appearance of "majestic mountains and flowing water".
Shandong School's "Mountain Flowing Water" is an ensemble of four ditties, namely, Qin Yun, the wind shaking the bamboo, the bell ringing at night and the rhyme of the book, also known as four paragraphs and four paragraphs of brocade.
The Mountain Flowing Water of Henan School is based on the folk song Old Liu Ban, with a fresh and lively rhythm. Folk artists often play this song when they meet for the first time to show respect and make friends. There is no * * in common between the three and the guqin song "Mountain Flowing Water", and they are all different songs with the same name.
[Edit this paragraph] Music appreciation
Running water fully uses the fingering of "overtone, roll, row, row, note, up and down" to describe the various trends of running water and express the meaning that wise people are interested in running water and enjoy it.
Running water: Guqin music, which makes full use of the fingering of "overtone, roll, stroke, stroke, note, up and down" to describe the various trends of running water.
The first paragraph: Introduction. Melody constantly jumps and changes the range in a large range. Virtual nudge refers to the change of tone and real tone, and the melody appears and disappears. I still see the top of the mountain, and the fog is uncertain.
The second and third paragraphs: clear overtone, lively rhythm, like "clank, quiet cold current;" Cold, loose roots. "Calm down and listen, you will feel happy. The third paragraph is an octave repetition of the second paragraph, omitting the tail of the second paragraph.
The fourth and fifth paragraphs: like the melody of a song, "Its rhyme is lingering and flowing."
The sixth paragraph: First, the melody of falling rocks fluctuates, and the rising tone and falling tone are greatly increased. Then, the continuous "rolling slow brush" makes the sound of running water, and a rising and falling tone is played on it. The ingenious combination of the two is really like the concept of "extremely boiling and surging", just like the roar of a dragon. Calm down and listen, and take a dangerous boat across the Wuxia Gorge. Dazzling, thrilling. I suspect that this body has gone to the deep mountains and forests, and it is difficult to fill all the valleys. "(See the postscript of Qin Xue Series of Running Water in Qing Dynasty, 19 10).
Paragraph 7: In the high-pitched region, the chord overtone first falls and then rises, and the sound potential is greatly reduced, just as "the canoe has passed, and the sound potential is erratic, sometimes the aftershock shakes, and sometimes it spins slightly." (Postscript to Qin Xuecong and Liu Jiaoshui)
The eighth paragraph: the change reproduces the melody like a song and adds new music materials. The sound of the piano is slightly faster and stronger, and the music is full of enthusiasm. At the end of the paragraph, the sound of running water is restored, which is memorable.
The ninth paragraph: the carol-like melody is from low to high, full of passion. At the end of the paragraph, the seed material of the fourth paragraph appeared again, and finally ended in Gongyin. The eighth and ninth paragraphs belong to the "polyphony" part of Guqin music structure.
The overtone of emotion at the end makes people immersed in the thought of "Yang Yang Hu, sincerely looking forward to the sound of ancient songs".
[Edit this paragraph] Second, idioms
mountains and rivers
Explanation: Metaphor is a bosom friend or bosom friend. It is also a metaphor for the beauty of music.
The source of Liezi Tang Wen by Zheng Yukou in the Warring States Period: "Boya Guqin aims at a high mountain, and Zhong Ziqi said,' It is as good as Guqin, and as majestic as Mount Tai!'" As for running water, Zhong Ziqi said,' Playing drums well is like a river. "usage: combination; Become an object; Metaphor music is sublime.
Example: The Story of the West Building by Yuling in the Qing Dynasty: "Clear sounds surround the painted beams, and every word, there are ten thousand kinds of melodies, and mountains and rivers enjoy each other."
Confucius, a saint, learned to play the piano with his teacher Xiang, and he was immediately called the king of literature. High mountains and flowing water, you have to meet a bosom friend.
★ Cao Qingxue Qin's "Dream of Red Mansions" 86th time: The bribery old official turned over the case privately, and sent a book to the leisure lady to solve the piano.
Synonym: bosom friend is hard to find.
[Edit this paragraph] III. allusion
original text
Boya plays drums and Zhong Ziqi listens. Boyaguqin, aim at the mountains. Zhong Ziqi said, "OK, I am as tall as Mount Tai!" Determined to run water, Zhong Ziqi said, "Good, like a river!" Zhong Ziqi will understand what Boya said.
After Zhong Ziqi's death, Boya broke the piano and never played it again, thinking that there was no more money to be a drummer in the world.
1. It is said that Boya, a pianist in the pre-Qin period, once played the piano on a barren land, but Zhong Ziqi, a woodcutter, can understand that this is a description of "ambition in the mountains" and "running water with ambition". Boya was surprised and said, "Well, my son's heart is with me." After the death of the hippo chef, Boya lost her bosom friend, her piano broke and she didn't exercise for life, so there was a song of mountains and flowing water.
In the Spring and Autumn Period, there was a man named Boya, who was proficient in temperament and superb in piano skills. He was a famous pianist at that time. When he was young, Boya was smart and eager to learn. He has learned from others and his piano skills have reached the level, but he always feels that he can't express his feelings about various things in a superb way. Boya's teacher knew his idea and took him to Penglai Island in the East China Sea by boat, so that he could enjoy the natural scenery and listen to the waves of the sea. Boya looked up and saw the waves surging and splashing; Seabirds are roaring and singing; The lush trees in the forest are like entering a fairyland. A wonderful feeling arises spontaneously, as if the harmonious and beautiful music of nature rises in my ear. He couldn't help playing the piano, his voice turned at will, and the beauty of nature was integrated into the sound of the piano. Boya experienced an unprecedented realm. The teacher told him, "You have learned."
One night boating in Boya. Facing the cool breeze and bright moon, he was full of thoughts, so he played the piano again, and the sound of the piano was melodious and getting better. Suddenly I heard someone screaming on the shore. When Boya heard the sound, he got out of the boat and saw a woodcutter standing on the shore. Knowing that the man was a bosom friend, he immediately invited the woodcutter aboard and played for him with great interest. Boya played a tune praising the mountains, and the woodcutter said, "How wonderful! Majestic and solemn, such as Mount Tai towering into the clouds! " When he played the surging waves, the woodcutter said, "How wonderful! Vast and boundless, it seems to see rolling water and boundless sea! " Boya was very excited and said excitedly, "bosom friend!" You are really my bosom friend. "This woodcutter is Zhong Ziqi. Since then, the two have become very good friends.
The two agreed to meet here this time next year. The next year, Boya went to the meeting as scheduled, but she couldn't wait long. So Boya found it along Zhong Ziqi's last way home. On the way, he met an old man and asked about Zizi's family. After this inquiry, I realized that this old man is the father of the hippo chef. The old man told Boya that he had to chop wood and study when he was a child, and his family was poor, so he died half a month ago. When I died, I was worried that Boya would wait here for a long time and told the old man to inform Boya on this day. I was heartbroken after hearing the news. He followed the old man to Zi Qi's grave and played the pipa to mourn his best friend. At the end of the song, he broke the piano at the grave of the hippo chef and vowed never to touch it again in his life. From then on, Boya met his bosom friend and thanked him for playing the piano. Later, a memorial hall called Qintai was built here. Now Qintai is adjacent to Guishan Mountain in the east and Moon Lake in the west, which is a famous historical site in Wuhan.
2. One year in history, Boya was sent to Chu at the order of the King of Jin. On August 15, we arrived at Hanyang estuary by boat. Parked at the foot of a hill in the storm. In the evening, the wind and waves gradually subsided, the clouds cleared and the scenery was very charming. Looking at the bright moon in the sky, Yu Boya was very excited. He took out the piano he brought with him and played it wholeheartedly. He played one tune after another. Just as he was completely immersed in the wonderful piano sound, he suddenly saw a man standing motionless on the shore. Boya was taken aback, and his men pulled hard, and a string broke with a bang. Boya was wondering why the man on the shore came, when he heard the man loudly say to him, "Sir, don't be suspicious. I am a woodcutter. I came home late. I heard you play the piano when I came, and I thought it was wonderful. I can't help standing here and listening. "
Boya looked at it carefully by moonlight, and there was a pile of dry wood beside the man. This is really a woodcutter. Boya thought, how can a woodcutter who splits wood understand my piano? So he asked, "Since you know the sound of the piano, please tell me what tune I am playing?"
After listening to Boya's question, the woodcutter replied with a smile, "Sir, what you just played was Confucius' song praising his disciple Yan Hui. Unfortunately, when you played the fourth sentence, the string broke. "
The woodcutter's answer was completely correct, and Boya was overjoyed and invited him aboard to discuss it in detail. When the woodcutter saw the piano played by Boya, he said, "This is a lyre! According to legend, it was made by Fu. " Then he told the story of the lyre. After listening to the woodcutter's words, Boya could not help secretly admiring. Then, Boya played several tunes for the woodcutter, so that he could identify the meaning. When he played the grand piano, the woodcutter said, "This piano expresses the majestic momentum of the mountain." When the sound of the piano became fresh and smooth, the woodcutter said, "The sound of the piano played after that expresses endless running water."
Boya can't help but be surprised and happy. No one can understand what he said with the sound of the past piano, but the woodcutter in front of him can hear it clearly. Unexpectedly, under this wild ridge, I met a long-lost bosom friend, so he asked the woodcutter's name, Zhong Ziqi, to have a drink with him. The more they talk, the more speculative they become. After a brief meeting, they became sworn brothers. Make an appointment to meet here next Mid-Autumn Festival.
Zhong Ziqi said goodbye in tears at the Mid-Autumn Festival the following year. Boya came to Hanyang estuary as promised, but he waited and waited, but Zhong Ziqi didn't come as promised, so he played the piano to summon his bosom friend, but after a long time, no one came. The next day, Boya asked an old man about the whereabouts of Zhong Ziqi. The old man told him that Zhong Ziqi had died of illness. Before he died, he left his last words, saying that he would build the grave in the river.
On the one hand, we will meet on August 15 and listen to Yu Boya's piano performance.
Boya was very sad after listening to the old man's words. He came to Zhong Ziqi's grave and sadly played the ancient song "Mountains and Streams". After the play, he broke the string, with a sigh, and broke his beloved seven strings on the bluestone. He said sadly, my only confidant is dead. Who else can I play this piano for? "
The friendship between the two "bosom friends" touched future generations, and people built a guqintai where they met. To this day, people often use "bosom friends" to describe the friendship between friends.
Through the ages, the two men told a poem: I don't want to fight anyone if I break the lyre and the phoenix tail is cold! All smiles are friends, but it's hard to find a bosom friend.
Boya, a doctor of the State of Jin during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, was born in Chu (now Jingzhou, Hubei). According to textual research, the word "Bo" was coined by Feng Menglong, a novelist in the late Ming Dynasty, while the previous books such as Shangshu, Xunzi and Liezi were all. Gaoyou in the Eastern Han Dynasty noted: "Bo Shi, tooth name, or elegance", and the modern etymology also noted: "Bo Shi, tooth name". Bo was a very common surname in ancient times, such as Bo Yi who didn't eat, and Bole who was good at horse racing in Qin Dynasty.
[Edit this paragraph] Third, friendship that is infinitely exaggerated by goodwill.
Friendship infinitely exaggerated by goodwill ―― mountains and rivers;
As early as the 4th century BC, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Li Yu, a native of Zheng, had Liezi in his mouth? According to Tang Wen, "Bo Ya is good at playing drums, and Zhong Ziqi is good at listening. Boya played the drums and the piano, aiming to climb the mountain. Zhong Ziqi said,' Well, I am as tall as Mount Tai.' Determined to run water, Zhong Ziqi said, "It's good, it's like a river. ' ……"
No matter "aim at high mountains" or "aim at flowing water", whenever Boya expresses a theme or image in his music, Zhong Ziqi can understand its meaning. One day, Boya and Zhong Ziqi were swimming in the shade of Mount Tai. During the rainstorm, they stopped under the rock. Boya was depressed, so she played the piano for a while. At first, Qin Le showed the scene of rain falling on a mountain stream, and then simulated the sound of mountain stream soaring and rock and soil caving. After each piece of music is completed, Zhong Ziqi "needs to be poor in interest", which makes the image in the music extremely transparent. Boya left the piano at this moment and sighed, "Good, good, you can hear the interest in this song. What you think is what I think. Where can I hide the sound? " So they became life confidants. However, Liezi did not mention that Boya stopped playing the piano because of Zhong Ziqi's death.
In the third century BC, Lu's "Spring and Autumn Annals" has a similar record in this chapter: "Guqin, listen to it, Fang Guqin wants to climb Mount Tai. Zhong Ziqi said,' Good for Guqin! As majestic as Mount Tai. When I was young, I aimed at running water. Zhong Ziqi said, "It's good to play the piano, just like running water". After Zhong Ziqi's death, Boya broke the piano and never played it again, thinking that the world was not enough to be a drummer. Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals is almost the same as Liezi, but it explains the ending: after death, "I will never play the piano again". (Qinda Road)
Although Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals is not a loyal history, Liezi is recorded in the past, and its content is not groundless. Therefore, the saying that Boya no longer plays drums has been handed down and become a much-told story. Boya should be famous at that time. Xun Kuang also mentioned him in the article "Encouraging Learning": "In the past, the use of bulging was drowned by fish; Boya played the drums and played the piano, while Liu Ma Yang Yu ". Although the language is almost exaggerated, there is no doubt that the great musician Boya's piano skills are superb.
Since Liezi and Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, many ancient books in the Western Han Dynasty, such as Biography of Korean Poetry, Huainanzi, Shuoyuan, Tongzhi of Customs, Cao Qin, Yuefu Jie in the Eastern Han Dynasty, have been quoted one after another. In these works, the description of Boya is more abundant. For example, Cai Yong's Cao Qin in the Eastern Han Dynasty also recorded an anecdote about Boya learning the method of empathy from musicians. In Ming Dynasty, Feng Menglong's "Words of Warning to the World" started with "Yu Boya practicing the piano to thank his companions". In this novel, Boya becomes Yu Boya, a music official, and Zhong Ziqi becomes a woodcutter in Hanyang. At this time, an ancient short story of several hundred words has become a novel with characters, places and plots.
The story of "Mountain Flowing Water" and Boya Zhong Ziqi has been widely circulated for more than two thousand years because of its profound China culture. China's ancient cultural spirit of "harmony between man and nature" and "selflessness" is fully reflected in this story. Zhu Quancheng's "Magic Secret Spectrum" in the Ming Dynasty made an accurate interpretation of this: "There are two mountains and running water, only one. The first ambition is to care about mountains and rivers, saying that benevolent people are Leshan. Later, I cared about running water and said that wise people are happy with water. " The benevolent Leshan, the wise enjoy water, and the mountains and rivers contain the vastness of heaven and earth and the charm of mountains and rivers, which is the highest realm of the real theme of ancient China music. However, Boya's piano music "Mountain Flowing Water" has not been circulated in the world, and future generations cannot appreciate the beauty of Boya's music. Therefore, although the story of "high mountains and flowing water" has been sung by later generations, it is completely "what the heart yearns for" and there is no personal experience of music.
Therefore, the most direct reason for the spread of this fable is the mutual understanding between Boya and Zhong Ziqi. When the bosom friend left, Boya resolutely broke his string and lost his voice. The phrase "few confidants, who will listen when the string is broken" in Yue Fei's Xiao Zhongshan is an accurate portrayal of Boya's mood at that time. Boya's unique piano and ambition, on the one hand, as a memorial to his dead friends, on the other hand, as his unique knowledge, can no longer be understood by anyone in the world, showing deep anguish and helplessness. I think Boya must also be an arrogant and outstanding person. His music rises and falls, so it is naturally difficult for ordinary people to understand the subtlety of his music. This is why Boya feels lonely and feels that it is hard to find a bosom friend. (Qinda Road)
The reason why Mountain Flowing Water can be recorded and reprinted by various ancient books in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period is inseparable from the background of "scholar culture" at that time. In the pre-Qin era, a hundred schools of thought contended and talented people came forth in large numbers. Many scholars have a weak sense of country and are disloyal to their vassal countries. These talented people often move between countries, and they all want to know each other. They hope to meet princes and princes who know themselves like bosom friends to show what they have learned. This has been the dream of almost all scholars for thousands of years. However, only a few people can achieve this goal. More and more people have lost their talents all their lives. Some people are invisible in the market, while others are always in the mountains. It can be seen that the reason why Mountain Flowing Water was widely circulated in the pre-Qin period was because the moral behind the story was the beauty of life meeting and the regret of life failure. Therefore, it is reasonable to cause countless people to sing for thousands of years.
Therefore, friendship is secondary. Therefore, this article calls "mountains and rivers" friendship that has been infinitely exaggerated by goodwill for thousands of years. Music and friendship that can arouse people's infinite yearning may not be the original taste of the story.