Introduction:
Jade burial mask, also known as "jade cover", consists of jade mask and jade face, which was popular in China from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Han Dynasty and the ancient Maya period. Root? According to Li Yishi's Funeral Ceremony, the head and face of the deceased were wrapped with "invisible eyes" (also known as "covering face") and "covering head" (also known as "wrapping head") made of silk during the funeral ceremony in the pre-Qin period. Jade masks are common, mostly made of broken jade or waste jade. China had a jade mask as early as the Western Zhou Dynasty, and then a jade garment in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
The ancients once thought that jade could prevent the soul from coming out of the shell and ensure that the body would not rot. It is precisely because of this statement that a special kind of funeral jade-jade bag appeared in the Western Zhou Dynasty. It is made of various jade materials corresponding to people's five senses and other five senses, decorated on textiles, and used to cover the face of the dead when buried. Of course, this luxurious funeral product only appears in aristocratic tombs. Jade clothes, which were popular for a period of time in two weeks, developed into jade clothes, silver jade clothes, bronze jade clothes and silk jade clothes. In the Han dynasty, it attracted worldwide attention, that is, the whole body of the deceased was wrapped in jade, which marked the peak of the development of jade for funeral.
During the Western Zhou Dynasty, in addition to many traditional jade articles, some new jade articles appeared, including a group of jade articles and a jade mask specially used for burying the dead. The jade mask is made of several pieces of jade similar to the facial features, sewn on the cloth according to the size and shape of the face. Some are specially made, and some seem to be modified or merged from other jade articles. The number of pieces in each set is different, each piece is flat, and there are holes in the corners to sew. When in use, all decorative parts face the face of the deceased.
Our ancestors endowed jade with many virtues, believing that jade has various peculiar properties, the most magical of which is that it can make the corpse live for a long time without rotting. Jade burial popular in aristocratic society is the product of this concept. Jade burial in tombs is different from jade burial (including ritual vessels, ornaments, weapons, etc.). Its purpose is to protect the corpse and make it immortal through the contact between jade and the corpse. This custom of funeral culture in China can be traced back to the Neolithic Age.
In the later civilization era, the purpose of jade burial was clear, and the way of jade burial changed from holding in the mouth, holding in the hand and irregularly, to "nine arts jade", "holding a meal", "closing your eyes", "Rui jade combination" and even "jade box" and "jade clothes", forming a strict system. The so-called "seal" is actually a jade mask, that is, a piece of jade is made according to the shape and size of the five senses, drilled with fine holes, tied to a piece of cloth according to the position, and covered on the face of the deceased. Now academic circles often call it "jade superposition". According to the explanation of Han and Tang scholars, the function of jade cover is to serve "rice". In addition to jade, the ancients also used "rice" to collect bodies, that is, some kind of grain mixed with jade chips was stuffed in the mouth of the deceased, indicating that they could not bear to let the deceased leave hungry.
Jade bags were quite popular in the Western Zhou Dynasty. It should be pointed out that the configuration format of jade-covered jade articles is not static, and it is often complicated and simple because of the identity or family circumstances of the tomb owner. Because the eyes are the most important of people's five senses, no matter how simplified, eye jade can't be removed. The correct name of the jade cover is "seal", which is the reason.
There are two kinds of psychology in accepting a corpse with jade: First, I hope that jade can prevent the corpse of the deceased from being corrupted, not being invaded by evil spirits, and guide the deceased into the celestial world? Children in Yin Yin; Second, show off your wealth with jade and show your status level. "Li Zhou Dian Rui" said: "Gui, Zhang, Bi, Cong, Hu and Huang have sparse eyebrows? I want to collect the body. " Zheng Kangcheng said: "Gui is on the left, Zhang is on the head, Hu is on the right, Huang is on the foot, Bi is on the back, and Yu is in the abdomen. Cover up the image and show the gods. Sparse? Bi, Yan, heaven and earth are connected. " Liu said: "Your filial piety is greater than the match between strict father and heaven, so it is also a gift to the jade in the four corners of heaven and earth." Except? In addition to these jade folds, there is a more important jade fold surface. Jade covers, including eye mask, nose mask, earmuffs, jade and jade, are all used for covering? Seven orifices prevent pollution and gas from invading the corpse, and the true soul is scattered. Later, jade armor and pearls appeared. Before the Han Dynasty, when princes died, they were all covered with pearls. Jade, "Mo Zi Festival Funeral" contains: "Save the dead princes, empty the state treasury, and then cherish it." Yu Jia and Zhu Yan developed into the Han Dynasty, so it is very convenient. It became a famous gold thread and jade clothes. A golden jade garment is made up of many small jade pieces with four corners perforated, and is woven with gold, silver and copper wires into a head, coat, trousers and sleeves. Gloves and shoes are the five parts of mourning clothes that emperors and nobles must wear after their death. "History of Continuing Han Rites" contains: "The emperor used gold thread, and the vassal king? The first seal on the pillar is made of silver, and the others are made of copper. " But judging from the unearthed tombs, the Western Han Dynasty was full of gold, and the Eastern Han Dynasty was divided into gold, silver and copper. Jade unearthed at present? The best clothes are 1995. There are more than 4,000 jade clothes unearthed from the Chu Tomb of the Western Han Dynasty in Lion Mountain, Xuzhou. In addition, an interesting phenomenon was found in the excavation of xushuguan town Mountain Tomb in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province: the jade cover is bigger than the human face and out of proportion to the five senses. This kind of jade burial specially made for the dead should have some symbolic or special significance. Before Fu Cha, the king of Wu, committed suicide, he said in "Fu Cha Wu Yue Chun Qiu": "I am ashamed to see my ancestors in the ground, but I can't bear to see my loyal minister Wu Zixu Gongsun Sheng ... If I die, I will form a group to cover my eyes, fearing that I won't be covered, and I want to embroider three pieces of Luo, thinking that this will cover up the Ming Dynasty ..." The tomb of Zhenshan Tomb is located in the old State of Wu, and it is suspected that its tomb is the king of Wu or Fu Cha in the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period.
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