One of the basic problems in the study of humanities such as sociology.
Culture in a broad sense refers to the sum of all material products and spiritual products created by human beings. Culture in a narrow sense refers to spiritual products including language, literature, art and all ideologies.
The etymology "culture" comes from Latin culture in the west, which originally meant farming and plant cultivation. It has been gradually used since15th century, and the cultivation of people's morality and ability is also called culture.
In China's ancient books, "Wen" not only refers to words, articles and literary talents, but also refers to the system of rites and music and legal provisions. "Culture" means "education" and "teaching behavior".
From the perspective of social governance, "culture" refers to educating people with the system of rites and music. Liu Xiang of the Han Dynasty said in Shuo Yuan: "Where martial arts flourish, it means that you don't accept it, and if your culture doesn't change, you will be punished."
The word "culture" here is opposite to "martial arts" and contains the meaning of education. Wang Rong in the Southern Qi Dynasty said in the Preface to Qushui Poetry: "Set the spirit to reason with scenery and customs, and apply culture flexibly."
The word "culture" also means enlightenment and education. The Chinese and western sources of the word "culture" reach the same goal by different routes. Now it is used to refer to the spiritual phenomenon of human society, or to refer to the sum of all material products and intangible products created by human beings.
History, anthropology and sociology usually use broad cultural concepts. There is no uniform definition of the word culture.
In modern times, the British anthropologist E.B. Taylor was the first to give a clear definition of the word culture. He published the book Primitive Culture at 187 1.
He pointed out: "From the ethnographic point of view, culture or civilization is a complex whole, which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, ethics, laws, customs and any other abilities and habits acquired by people as members of a society through learning." British anthropologist B.K. Malinowski developed Taylor's definition of culture and wrote "On Culture" in 1930s, arguing that "culture refers to a group of traditional objects, commodities, technologies, ideas, habits and values, and this concept contains and regulates all social sciences.
We will also see that social organizations cannot be understood unless they are regarded as part of culture. He further divided culture into material and spirit, that is, the so-called "transformed environment and transformed human body" two main components.
It is a tradition of British anthropology to study culture from the perspective of structure and function. A.R. Radcliffe-Brown, a British anthropologist, believes that culture is a way of thinking, feeling and activity acquired by a social group or social stratum in contact with others.
Culture is a process in which people acquire knowledge, skills, experience, thoughts, beliefs and emotions through mutual communication. He emphasized that culture can only be revealed when the social structure works, and culture cannot be observed without the social structure system.
For example, the relationship between father and son, the relationship between buying and selling, and the relationship between ruler and ruled can only show a certain culture when they communicate. French anthropologist C Levi-Strauss defined culture from the perspective of behavioral norms and patterns.
He put forward: "Culture is a set of behavior patterns, which is popular among a group of people in a certain period of time, … and easily differs from other people's behavior patterns, showing obvious discontinuity". British anthropologist R Firth believes that culture is society.
Culture is society. In his book Elements of Social Organization published by 195 1, he pointed out that if a society is composed of a group of people with a specific lifestyle, then culture is a lifestyle.
American cultural anthropologists A.L. kroeber and K. colac Hong analyzed more than 65,438+000 cultural definitions in "Culture: An Investigation of a Concept Definition" published in 65,438+0952, and then they gave a comprehensive definition of culture: "Culture exists in various hidden and explicit ways, and can be learned and spread by means of symbols, which constitutes a kind of human group. These achievements include all kinds of specific styles of goods they manufacture. The basic elements of culture are traditional concepts and values (derived from history and obtained through choice), among which values are the most important. " The cultural definitions of Ge Yihao and Clark Hong have been accepted by many modern western scholars.
The above definitions of culture have their own advantages and disadvantages, which reflect the historical process of modern anthropologists, sociologists and social psychologists' understanding of culture. The elements of culture mainly include: ① spiritual elements, that is, spiritual culture.
Mainly refers to philosophy and other specific science, religion, art, ethics and values, of which values are the most important and the core of spiritual culture. Spiritual culture is the most dynamic part of cultural elements and the motive force of human creative activities.
Without spiritual culture, human beings cannot be distinguished from animals. Values are the criteria for social members to evaluate behaviors and things and choose desirable goals from various possible goals.
This standard exists in people's hearts and is expressed through attitudes and behaviors. It determines what people appreciate, what they pursue, and what life goals and lifestyles they choose. At the same time, the value is also reflected in all the material and intangible products created by human beings.
The types, uses and styles of products all reflect the values of the creators. ② Language and symbols.
Both of them have the same nature, that is, ideographic, and they both play the role of communication in human communication activities. Language and symbols are also the means of cultural accumulation and storage.
Humans can only communicate by means of language and symbols, and only communication and interaction can create culture. And all aspects of culture can only be embodied and taught through language and symbols.
Being able to use language and symbols to engage in production and social activities and create rich and colorful culture is a unique attribute of human beings. ③ Standard system.
Norms are the norms of people's behavior, which are established by convention, such as customs, and expressly stipulated, such as legal provisions, rules and regulations of group organizations, etc. Various norms are interrelated, permeated and supplemented with each other, and * * * regulates people's various social relations.
The norms stipulate the direction, methods and styles of people's activities, as well as the objects and methods of language and symbols. Norms are established or naturally formed by human beings to meet their own needs, and they are the concretization of values.
The normative system is dominant, and understanding the culture of a society or group often begins with understanding norms. ④ Social relations and social groups.
What does material culture mean?
The so-called material culture refers to the material process and material products that condense, embody and entrust people's lifestyles, living conditions, thoughts and feelings.
The so-called intangible culture refers to the cultural heritage of people's spiritual home, including material cultural heritage and intangible cultural heritage. Material cultural heritage is mainly cultural relics with historical, artistic and scientific values, including movable cultural relics and immovable cultural relics.
Immovable cultural relics refer to ancient cultural sites, ancient tombs, ancient buildings, cave temples, stone carvings, murals, important historical sites in modern times and representative buildings. Movable cultural relics refer to important objects, works of art, documents, manuscripts, books and materials, representative objects, etc. In various periods of history, it is divided into precious cultural relics and general cultural relics; Precious cultural relics are divided into first-class cultural relics, second-class cultural relics and third-class cultural relics.
Intangible cultural heritage refers to various forms of traditional cultural expressions (such as folk activities, performing arts, traditional knowledge and skills, and related utensils, articles, handicrafts, etc.). ) and the cultural space closely related to the lives of generations. The scope of intangible cultural heritage includes: poems, myths, epics, stories, legends and proverbs that have been passed down from mouth to mouth for a long time among the people; Music, dance, drama, folk art, acrobatics, puppets, shadow play and other traditional folk performing arts; Life etiquette, festival activities, festivals, folk sports and competitions handed down from generation to generation by the general public, and other customs related to production and life; Folk traditional knowledge and practice about nature and the universe; Traditional handicraft skills; Cultural places related to the above-mentioned cultural expressions, etc.
More than 800 words of composition related to intangible cultural heritage.
Five thousand years of baptism, five thousand years of emotional accumulation and five thousand years of wisdom condensation. Brilliant Chinese culture, long-standing civilization of the Yellow River, unforgettable feelings of ancient rhyme and profound historical background will remain in our hearts forever. -Inscription: When the Mayan civilization disappeared into the unknown space, when the Babylonian dynasty ended in the long smoke, when the Colosseum in ancient Rome became a permanent dream, when the pyramids in ancient Egypt became a mysterious mystery ... still hold your head high and stand in the east of the world. You escaped war and famine. You have a firm foot and a strong will. How did you teach me not to fall in love with you-great China, great tradition, great culture! But now, for you, I applaud and feel more sad at the same time-after countless sufferings, why should I die alone among countless flowers? Why should we slowly and heavily move towards the end in this peaceful era? Is it to avoid becoming a stumbling block to the development of science and technology and let1300 million Chinese children live a richer life? Or, we children, in pursuit of that little material satisfaction, have mercilessly sacrificed you, so that you have to say goodbye to us with tears in your eyes? It is not difficult to find that Chinese painting is drifting away from our lives. The brush has already been pushed to the corner of the bookshelf by the mouse, and the tea ceremony has gradually disappeared in the Central Plains: they have risen and flourished in foreign cultures. It turned out that our forgetfulness made you "dying"! It is not difficult to understand that rows of paddle boats full of delicious food satisfy the tip of tourists' tongue, but destroy the clear beauty of the poetic West Lake; The climax of tourism fever dyed the pockets of travel agencies gold, but painted the tranquility of Old Town of Lijiang black ... It turned out that our excessive development made you "life is at stake, and you will never be safe"! No matter how powerful the foreign enemy is, it will never knock you down, but the children you care about easily hurt you to pieces; You have given us the aura of future generations of civilization, but we have shattered it in the footsteps of ignorance and confusion. Great traditional culture, please wait with endless apologies1300 million Chinese sons and daughters! Time can buy the development of science and technology, but it can't call back the lost civilization. Money can make up for the material shortage, but it can't enrich the empty spirit. You have created unparalleled wealth for us. Shouldn't we slow down the pace of pursuing science and technology and pick up the memories of you in our hearts? Shouldn't you dilute the concept of money first and heal your bloody wound? Now, we are determined to make up for our mistakes, and we are determined that you will still rule the world in the next 5000, 50000 or even 500 million years. In this way, will you stop frowning and smile and stay with us forever? So, please wait for us and don't leave us like this. Take root and sprout, and the flower of the soul will bloom. Rooted, the national tree will flourish. The so-called intangible cultural heritage, according to the definition in the Convention for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage adopted by UNESCO on June 65438+1October 65438+July 2003, refers to various intangible forms of traditional cultural expressions that are closely related to people's lives and passed down from generation to generation. Including oral tradition, traditional performing arts, folk activities and etiquette, folk traditional knowledge and practice about nature and the universe, traditional handicraft skills and cultural space related to the above-mentioned traditional cultural expressions. Chinese intangible cultural heritage is an important part of Chinese culture, which contains the unique spiritual value, thinking mode and imagination of the Chinese nation, embodies the vitality and creativity of the Chinese nation and is the crystallization of the wisdom of all ethnic groups. It is also the treasure of all human civilizations. Protecting cultural heritage and maintaining national cultural inheritance are important cultural foundations for connecting national emotional ties, enhancing national unity, maintaining national unity and social stability, and are also prerequisites for maintaining world cultural diversity and creativity and promoting common development of mankind. On the eve of the first "Cultural Heritage Day" in China on June 10, 2006, the Ministry of Culture announced the sign of "China's Intangible Cultural Heritage". In 2007, the protection of "China's intangible cultural heritage" made a breakthrough. It is reported that the Ministry of Culture will, in consultation with the Ministry of Education and other departments, incorporate "intangible cultural heritage" into the national education system, incorporate "intangible cultural heritage" into the curriculum of primary and secondary schools, and organize "intangible cultural heritage" to enter universities, so that young people can feel and understand China's excellent traditional culture at close range. It is necessary to strengthen the excavation and protection of national culture and attach importance to the protection of cultural relics and intangible cultural heritage. In view of the fact that middle school students don't know much about intangible cultural heritage, a composition training topic is specially set, which is guided by topic examination, and students' exercises and brief comments are attached to attract the attention of middle school teachers and students.
What are the connections and differences among world cultural heritage, material cultural heritage and intangible cultural heritage? Thank you-
World cultural heritage belongs to the category of world heritage, and its full name is "world cultural and natural heritage". 1972, UNESCO adopted the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage in Paris and established the UNESCO World Heritage Committee. Its purpose is to promote cooperation between countries and peoples and make positive contributions to the rational protection and restoration of the common heritage of all mankind. Material Cultural Heritage Material cultural heritage, also known as "tangible cultural heritage", is a traditional "cultural heritage". According to the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (hereinafter referred to as the World Heritage Convention), it includes historical sites, historical buildings, human cultural sites, cultural relics, buildings, inscriptions and sculptures, books, calligraphy and paintings, archaeological components or structures, inscriptions, etc., which have outstanding universal value from a historical, artistic or scientific perspective. Architectural complex, from the historical, artistic or scientific point of view, has outstanding universal value in architectural style, uniform distribution or combination with environmental scenery; Cultural sites, such as human engineering or joint engineering between man and nature, archaeology and so on, which have outstanding universal value from the perspective of history, aesthetics, ethnology or anthropology. China Material and Cultural Heritage List (27 places) 1. Zhoukoudian Peking Man Site (Beijing, 1987. 12) 2. The Great Wall (Beijing, 1987. 12) 3. Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes (Gansu, 1987. 12) 4. Imperial Palace in Ming and Qing Dynasties (Beijing Forbidden City,1987.12; Shenyang Palace Museum, July 2004) 5. Qin Shihuang Mausoleum and Terracotta Warriors Pit (Shaanxi, 1987. 12) 6. Chengde mountain resort and its surrounding temples (Hebei, 1994. 12) 7. Qufu Confucius House, Confucius Temple and Kong Lin (Shandong, 65438). 1994. 12) 9. Potala Palace, Jokhang Temple, Norbulingka, (* * *,1994.12)10. Old Town of Lijiang (Yunnan,1997.438+. 1997.12)12. Suzhou classical gardens (Jiangsu,1997.12)13. The Summer Palace (Beijing, 1998+5438+5438+5438. 1998.11)15. Dazu stone carving (Chongqing,1999.12)16. Imperial tombs of the ming and qing dynasties (Ming Tombs in Hubei, Qingling in Hebei and Qingling in western China, 2000.64). Ming Tombs, Jiangsu, Ming Tombs, July 2003; Three Tombs in Shengjing, Liaoning, July 2004) 17 ... Ancient villages in southern Anhui: Xidi and Hongcun (Anhui, 2000.11)18. Longmen Grottoes (Henan, 2000. 1 1). 2000. 1 1) 20. Yungang Grottoes (Shanxi, 2001.12) 21. China Koguryo Imperial City, Mausoleum and Noble Tombs (Jilin, 2004. 1) 22. 2006.7. 13) 24. Kaiping Diaolou and Ancient Villages (Guangdong, June 28, 2007) 25. Fujian Tulou (Fujian, July 7, 2008) 26. Dengfeng "Heaven and Earth" Historic Complex (Henan, 20 10. 2010.1.11) 28. Dujiangyan (Chengdu) intangible cultural heritage "intangible cultural heritage" refers to various customs, performances and forms of expression that are regarded as its cultural heritage by various groups, groups and sometimes individuals. The relationship with nature and the change of historical conditions constantly make this intangible cultural heritage passed down from generation to generation innovative, and at the same time give them a sense of identity and history. So as to promote cultural diversity and stimulate human creativity. Intangible cultural heritage: A. Oral traditions and expressions B. Performing arts C. Social customs, etiquette and festivals D. Knowledge and practice about nature and the universe E. Traditional handicraft skills. On September 30th, 2009, China's world intangible cultural heritage Kunqu Opera, Chinese Guqin Art, Xinjiang * * Ermukamm Art Mongolian long-tune folk songs (jointly declared with Mongolia) added 22 items: China sericulture and silk weaving skills, Fujian Nanyin, Nanjing Yunjin, Anhui Xuanzhi, Guizhou Dong folk songs, Guangdong Cantonese opera, Gesar epic, Zhejiang Longquan celadon, Qinghai Regong art, Tibetan opera, and so on.