The high development of handicraft industry, commerce and science and technology is reflected in the publishing industry, that is, the increase of works types, the expansion of publishing scope, exquisite binding design and developed printing technology. Especially the rapid development of printing and papermaking in Song Dynasty provided a solid material foundation for the prosperity of publishing industry.
1. The publishing industry and cultural engraving printing were developed in the Song Dynasty, which was invented in the late Sui and early Tang Dynasties, gradually popularized in the late Tang Dynasty and developed rapidly in the Song Dynasty. Especially in Song Dynasty, Bi Sheng invented movable type printing, which greatly promoted the development of publishing industry.
During the Song Dynasty, the printing industry in Henan, Sichuan, Fujian and Zhejiang was the most developed. Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, is called? Eight famines fought together, and countries became a company? This bustling city is the center of the national book carving industry. Lin 'an (Hangzhou) in Zhejiang Province was the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty. It became the center of the national printing industry in the Northern Song Dynasty. If you are in Hangzhou, you will find that most of them are in Hangzhou. Known as. When workers gather in Hangzhou, they carve scriptures, historical books, volumes, medical books, arithmetic and collections. Zhejiang's font is square, the knife method is round, and the carving technology has reached a high level.
The most difficult engraving project in the early Song Dynasty was the fourth year of Song Taizu Kaibao (AD 97 1 year). All the Tripitaka Scriptures were engraved in Chengdu, with a total of 1076 pieces and 5048 volumes. It took 12 years to engrave130,000 copies, which is the first engraved book in Chinese history.
In addition, woodblock printing in Wuzhou, Zhejiang and Suzhou, Jiangsu is also famous. According to the Outline of China History? The woodblock printing industry in Wuzhou and Suzhou is also developing in full swing, and the woodblock workers in these two places are often hired to engrave books in other places. ? In the second year of Emperor Gaozong's reign in Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1 132), Wang Yongcong published 5400 volumes of Buddhist scriptures in Huzhou, which was finished in one year, showing that there were many engravings and exquisite skills. A group of famous sculptors appeared at that time, and Jiang Hui was one of the most famous sculptors at that time. In some books, even female engravers participate in engraving, such as Li Shiniang, Xie Shi and Xu Shi. It can be seen that the publishing industry was prosperous and the culture was developed at that time.
Second, the developed paper industry in Song Dynasty promoted the development of printing industry, which was the center of book engraving industry in Song Dynasty, that is, the place with relatively prosperous economy, developed culture and more paper output at that time. The paper industry developed generally in Song Dynasty. At that time, book paper generally reached the level of thinness, softness, lightness and fineness, which created favorable conditions for the improvement of book printing technology. The exquisiteness of paper in Song Dynasty was often presented as a tribute to the imperial court.
"Song history according to? According to geographical records, there are eight tributes and papers presented in Song Dynasty, including Zhou Zhen on Huainan Road, Chizhou and Huizhou on Jiangnan Road, Wuzhou and Quzhou on Zhejiang Road, and Chengdu House on Chengdu Road. Only Wuzhou and Quzhou were provided in the Tang Dynasty. This shows that the quality and quantity of paper produced in Song Dynasty are much better than that of the previous generation. The mutual promotion of printing industry and paper industry shows the prosperity of publishing industry in Song Dynasty.
Song edition is highly praised by bibliophiles for its exquisite carving skills and exquisite binding, and is recognized as a rare book. The main reasons why it is cherished are as follows: First, The Book of Songs is the closest to the original; Second, the art of book engraving in Song Dynasty is a model of later generations, which has a great influence on the book form of later generations.
Third, the improvement and development of the book binding form in the Song Dynasty. The book binding in the Song Dynasty has changed from the scroll form to the hinge form. What was the primitive form of leaves in the Northern Song Dynasty? Butterfly suit? .
? Butterfly suit? It is a binding form in which the printed side is folded relatively and the middle of the page is sewn on a piece of wrapping paper. When a book needs to be read, the leaves on both sides are like the wings of a butterfly, hence the name? Butterfly suit? . Its advantages are: large-scale pictures can keep the picture intact, and there is no cross-section phenomenon. Its disadvantage is that it is inconvenient to read. After reading a page of a book, because the words on this page are inward, you have to turn it over twice to read the words on the next page, and the front part of the book is a single layer of thin paper, which is easy to stick. In this way, in the Southern Song Dynasty, there appeared a method of folding the leaves of the book outward and facing the back, called? Baobeizhuang? . After printing entered mechanization, the binding form of books appeared today's paperback and hardcover.
Butterfly clothes and bag clothes used in the Song Dynasty are all loose-leaf forms, and today's paperback and hardcover books are also loose-leaf forms. It is the improvement and development of book binding form in Song Dynasty that makes this page form still in use today. It can be seen that the book form in Song Dynasty has a far-reaching influence on later generations.
Fourth, the number of books published in the Song Dynasty is more than that in previous dynasties. Another sign of the prosperity of the publishing industry in the Song Dynasty is the increase in the variety of works, which are distributed in the intellectual groups at that time, such as Confucian classics, history, geography, medicine, agriculture, industry, astronomical algorithms, poems and songs, ci collections, novels, folk literature, Buddhist and Taoist classics and books necessary for life. Not only the works at that time were mostly printed, but also the works of the previous generation were published one after another. The number of books published in the Song Dynasty exceeded that of previous dynasties.
According to the statistics of the third and ninth issues of World Books 198 1, from the Western Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty, the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Sui and Tang Dynasties to the Five Dynasties, * * * published more than 270,000 books, while the Song Dynasty published1/kloc-. This is indeed a prosperous time in China's publishing history.
In the early years of the northern song dynasty, the court compiled Four Great Classical Novels, which was called "a masterpiece of historical books"? Four Great Classical Novels in Song Dynasty? Taiping Yulan, Yuan Gui, Wenyuan Huaying and Taiping Guangji created a new situation in publishing in the Song Dynasty.
A large number of books published by the above subjects are evidence of the prosperity of book publishing in Song Dynasty.
5. At the same time as the Song Dynasty, the Liao and Jin Dynasties in northern China were also engraved with exquisite editions of books. The lettering center of the Jin Dynasty was in Pingshui, Shanxi (now Linfen, Shanxi). Under the rule of Jin people, Pingshui replaced Bianjing and became the largest publishing center north of the Yellow River. Pingshui carved the famous Zhao Cheng Tripitaka (7000 original books, more than 4900 existing books) and Xiao Idle Old Man Collection.
At that time, there were many private bookstores in the Jin Dynasty, and they began to print and publish ancient medical books, agricultural books and various literary books. According to historical records, was it flat then? There are seven out of twenty bureaus with more than 500 workers. It can be seen that the publishing scale is large. Liu Zhiyuan Zhu Gong Tune published by Pingshui Publishing House is a folk song. This book is a rare book unearthed by Zhilov, a Russian in Guangxu thirty-three years, when he excavated the Xixia site in Heishui City, Zhangye, Gansu Province. This book was originally twelve volumes. 1958 The Soviet Union returned five volumes and 42 pages to China, which are now in the Beijing Library.
Liu Zhiyuan's Zhu Gong Tune is a story about Liu Zhiyuan and Li Sanniang of Emperor Gaozu after five dynasties. This is why the White Rabbit in Yuan Dynasty and Li Sanniang in Shanxi North Road Bangzi are all based on this. The cultural relics stolen by Ke Zhilov include Pingyang Xu's engraving Guan and Pingyang Ji's engraving Simitu. These prints are now in the Leningrad Museum of the Soviet Union, and the four beautiful pictures are Wang Zhaojun, Zhao, Lvzhu and Banji. The four beautiful women in the picture are lifelike.
In addition, the books published by Pingshui include Notes on Yili, Illustration of Acupuncture and Moxibustion at Tongren Point, Classification, Reprint and Enlargement of Forest Miscellanies, and New Book of Geographical Graphic Correction, etc.