First, exchange
Jade Piece: "A tree without branches" refers to a seat without a backrest. There are two kinds of bifurcation in Wen Zhenheng's long chronicle at the end of Ming Dynasty: square bifurcation and round bifurcation. The crossing is commonly known as "Mazar" and "Mazar" (also known as "Masha"), which is folded and stored for easy carrying. Xi 'an Museum shows a pottery horse tied with a small Mazar unearthed from Wang Shiying's tomb in Yuan Dynasty. It is said that kerosene lamps can be hung on horses to shelter from the rain, which is called lanterns. Similarly, Mazar's name may be the same.
Mazar also has a name in ancient records that shows where he came from: Hu Chuang. Tomatoes, carrots and onions are all imported.
Among the funerary objects of the 18th Pharaoh Tutankhamun in ancient Egypt unearthed along the Nile, there is an exquisite stool, which is the earliest "Mazar-e" found so far. At the same time, China was in Shang Dynasty. Until the Han dynasty, "sitting" was basically kneeling, and there was no tool for sitting upright at first. It spread from the west (Mazar) to South Asia (full hoof) and then to the Central Plains. "The bed is always covered with Hu beds and hooves, and the boots hang down" (Liang Shu).
In Chen Shou's Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Wei Zhi Pei Qian in the Western Jin Dynasty: "Too often, it is said that Pei Songzhi introduced Wei slightly in the Southern Song Dynasty: when he was in Yanzhou, he tasted a Hu bed and left it hanging." "This historical material is the origin of the allusion of" hanging bed ",which means that officials are honest and frugal. In the Tang Dynasty, Li Bai had a poem: "There was nothing left, but a bed hung on the east wall." In other words, I heard Mr. Wang's testimony in a program. The bed in "The Foot of My Bed is so Bright" refers to Hu's bed-Little Mazar.
The Mazar-e-Tu in "The Picture of the Northern Qi Dynasty" (556) is an earlier photo record of China. In addition, "the handmaid figurines unearthed from Zhao's tomb in the Eastern Wei Dynasty have a stack of Hu beds on their right arms, which is a concrete image of the early Hu beds". The basic form of Mazar is composed of eight straight trees, which has not changed much. Wooden rafters in Ming and Qing dynasties can be divided into two types: roller and non-roller. The materials of rafters are different from leather, cloth, rope and wood. The wooden rafters are also very special. They are folded.
Second, the top spot.
If "good Hu Chuang" is a tendency for the Han people to accept Hu Hua, then innovative design of the top handle on the basis of Hu Chuang is a manifestation of Hu Wuhan.
Qing Louis by Gu Tao in the Northern Song Dynasty seems to record the improved version of Hu Chuang in the Tang Dynasty-Xiaoyao Block.
In Volume XIII of Wu's Dream in the Southern Song Dynasty, there are all kinds of groceries "No.1" and "rope beds", and rope beds are Hu beds. At the end of the Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, the detailed Old Stories of Wulin (Volume 6) was published. Small brokers have "the top spot" in other places, probably because ropes are fragile, so people with this technology are needed to renovate the seat surface. In addition to practicality, there are many luxurious decorative titles, such as "Seven Treasures" (Song history), "Silver-wrapped back top" (Jin history) and "Top decorated with silver and painted with gold." (History of Yuan Dynasty) and The Skin of the Rhinoceros (Water Margin).
"Round back" and "one word" may both refer to the structural design of the top spot.
From the examples of Song Yuanming's paintings and Ming-style furniture, the top spot with round back is a popular classic: generous at home; Watching a spring outing is more tasteful than watching a pony.
In addition, I have to mention the meaning of the top spot in classical martial arts novels.
In Shi Naian's Water Margin in the Ming Dynasty, there were many scenes where the number one scholar was in Juyitang. "Classical invited Song Jiang to be the shanzhai master and take the first place" and "Song Jiang invited Lu Junyi to take the first place". Qing Yu Wan Chun's "Dangkou Zhi": "Xizhen turned and thanked Gou Jian, thanked everyone and took the first place in the main hall. Let Gou Jian sit in the second place, Gou Jian will be there, and let Liu Guang sit hard. " ; Romance of Wu Qinghong Gang in the Republic of China: "But there are sixteen seats in the middle, and Sheng Chunshan came out slowly and took the first seat."
The "number one" is not only a seat, but also a tacit understanding of talents such as "big brothers" and "leaders". Feel it carefully: hanging a Hu bed is poor or bitter, but the first place is synonymous with hegemonic status. It's a bunch of savages, but it's not really "five thick".
In addition to the chair structure similar to the ohm symbol, the straight back chair is also a kind. The word "one word" at the top of the list can be described as "one".
This kind of chair with straight back and no armrest was named folding chair in the "three talents" of Ming Dynasty. It was a branch of Mazar that was extended to make a backrest. In Qing Dynasty, Liang Shaoren wrote "On Two Kinds of Yuqiuan, Mazazi": "Today's people pay for their beds with skins, which is called Mazazi. Officials are always alone, so they are easy to get. According to Emperor Ming of Tang Dynasty, make a free and unfettered seat and take it on a long journey. If it is a folding chair, what right do you have to cover it? " There is an example in the real thing. The top chair of a straight-backed huanghuali is not only a leather seat, but also a slightly tilted head. The appearance of the official hat chair in front is very close to that in the picture of "Three Talents", and the arc notch in the middle is not only beautiful, but also has the function of neck support. Although the backrest in Li Duanduantu is covered, it can be inferred from the exposed corner that the design is similar to a lamp hanging chair.
The chair with armrests on the straight back was named "drunken chair" in the "three-person meeting" in Ming Dynasty. Besides the armrest, there is also a special pillow. "Today's drunken chairs are made of bamboo and wood, but they are all the legacy of Hu Chuang."
In the picture, Huang Huali's chair is inlaid with a whole piece of marble, while Ming Gao Lian's Eight Chapters of Respect for Life has a record of "leaning on the bed", which is very similar to today's folding rattan chair. "Two inches high, six feet five inches long, made of rattan and bamboo, without boards, but this young man can easily lift it. The backrest of the backrest ring is placed on it, such as a mirror frame, and the back is supported to adapt to the height. It's wonderful to lie down and read a book and spend it lying down. "
From kneeling to sitting, from leaning to lying down, the appearance of seats in the name of free and unfettered drunkards is driven by hedonism. On this premise, it will be different to interpret the record of "turning back" in Zi Ji Shu by Li Kuangwa in the Tang Dynasty.
"Ban Zhao" sings that "extravagance makes people lazy". If you stay at home all the time in Ge You, one day your boss will understand you and give you your seat, which will make people feel bad. What if it affects your career? In order to avoid the habit of undressing in front of the temple, there is an "anti-comfort" design, which exists because of self-policing. As the saying goes, "three generations of officials are all officials, so they know how to dress and eat". The fashion of the upper class is the fashion guide of the lower class, so they are followed by the public for no reason.
There are a large number of foreign folding chairs (Top Seats) in the article "Top Seats Respected by Europeans" (Quarterly of Classical Furniture Society 1990 Winter Period), many of which were spread from China to Western Europe. When Mazar came from a foreign country, it emphasized its identity with the word "Hu" and gradually improved and changed it. It was named "Jiao" which looked like Chinese characters, and then the "evolved version" of Mazar with oriental elements was introduced to western countries. Mr. Zhou Zuoren said in "Sheep Liver Cake": "A thing, produced in China, was shipped abroad for 400 to 500 years and brought back, but it changed its appearance. Everything is like this. " It's a bit like "peach for plum".
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