Han Empire is the longest-lived dynasty in China's history, which finally collapsed after 409 years of rule. After that, the Central Plains experienced a melee during the Three Kingdoms period, and the short-lived unification of the Western Jin Dynasty quickly ushered in a greater disaster. In the Western Jin Dynasty, the Sima family fought for the central government, and a scuffle broke out.
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Taking advantage of the chaos, the five nomadic tribes of the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jieqiang and Biandi, joined forces and launched a large-scale attack on the Central Plains. Luoyang Chang 'an was successively breached, which was called "Yongjia Rebellion" in history. Since then, China has fallen into an unprecedented pattern of great division and chaos in more than 300 years. Under the bloody slaughter and cruel ethnic oppression, the population in the north has dropped sharply. In such troubled times, China's traditional culture has been greatly impacted, and the Central Plains, which has lost its ethics of sweeping thousands of miles, has suddenly become a hell on earth. Those famous families with prominent family background and profound family knowledge have to face the cruel reality. Is it life or death? Where should we live? They were forced to make a choice. Among them, some Han families went south to the Yangtze River valley and established another part of the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the south of the Yangtze River, while they crossed the Yellow River and migrated northwest to the Hexi Corridor.
After nearly 400 years of operation of the Han Empire, Hexi Corridor is a paradise to escape from war.
Zhangye is located in the middle of Hexi Corridor, "the armpit of Zhang Guo connecting the western regions". In the distance, the snow and ice in Qilian Mountain melted and flowed into Heihe River, the second largest inland river in China, which made a large area of wetland wonders appear in the depths of Gobi, and also made Zhangye have the reputation of "being on the south of the Yangtze River". During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, many aristocratic families who migrated to Hexi Corridor chose to settle here.
Around 350 AD.
Confucianism prevailed, and Guo Jun went to Matishan to look for Guo He, a great scholar.
The last year of the Western Jin Dynasty was 30 1 year.
Zhang Gui became the secretariat of Liangzhou, the Hexi Corridor was under the jurisdiction of Liangzhou secretariat, and the state set up an ancient Tibetan county in Wuwei County.
Zhang Gui's family is famous for its specialization in Confucianism for generations. After he came to Hexi Corridor, he adopted the policy of attaching importance to education and "selecting talents" in the Central Plains, and recruited 500 children from Hexi to start official schools. At the same time, he sent envoys to hold festivals many times, and presented gifts to recruit famous scholars to take up posts or give lectures, which made Confucianism in Hexi Corridor prosperous and orderly.
Guo He was born in Qin 'an, Gansu, and his family was named after Confucian classics in the Eastern Han Dynasty. According to the biography of the Book of Jin, Guo He's History Book of Ming Learning Group. The forest pine trees that live at the foot of Horseshoe Mountain are ancient.
Like Guo He, those big families who moved westward took root here and never returned to the East. Gradually, they became the local famous surname "Hexi Noble Family".
Guo Jun became a disciple of Guo He.
Guo He's popularity gradually attracted the attention of local rulers. At this time, Hexi Corridor has been ruled by Zhang Zuo, the former cool king. Zhang Zuo's emissary met Guo He with a valuable gift, hoping that Guo He would come out of the mountain to be the "doctor's drink offering" in charge of education in Liang Qian, but Guo He declined politely. In troubled times, he just wanted to concentrate on his studies, and refusing to be an official was also their family motto. Although the emissary expressed his understanding, the former cool king was equally determined and constantly sent messengers to visit. In desperation, Guo agreed to the messenger's request. He came to Wuwei, the capital of Liang Qian, and met Zhang Zuo, the king of Liang Qianguo.
Zhang Zuo is the great-grandson of Zhang Gui, a former Liangzhou secretariat. At this time, the Zhang family had established a regime called "Liang Qian" in Hexi Corridor, although Zhang's descendants inherited Zhang Gui's Chongwen measures and widely sought the support of Confucian celebrities. However, Zhang Zuo, the former cool king who just gained the throne through improper means, does not really respect knowledge from the heart. Eighty-year-old Guo He didn't serve as the official school supervisor after bumping all the way to Wuwei, but was hidden in the former gazebo by the snow and became a guest who accompanied the prince to study. Song Xian, another great scholar who was forced to leave the mountain, was also his guest.
Song Gu, a native of Dunhuang, studied hard and gave lectures in Nanshan, Jiuquan. It is said that he has taught more than 3000 students, comparable to Confucius. After Lao Song was forced out of the mountain first, Zhang Zuo repeatedly prevented him from resigning. In the end, he chose to starve himself to save the freedom and reputation of scholars.
Song Xian's tragedy and Zhang Zuo's inaction extinguished Guo He's enthusiasm for Liang Qian's political power. He resigned from Zhang Zuo, but Zhang Zuo didn't stop him and sent someone to escort Guo He back to Song Linqiu Valley. Soon, Guo He died at the age of 84.
Guo Jun buried the teacher next to the academy and kept filial piety for three years. Then he went deep into the Lin Song Valley, far away from the disputes in the world. He synthesized what Guo He had taught him, and wrote Mohism in the Spring and Autumn Period and Misalignment of Filial Piety, hoping that these works could be used by future generations.
With the collapse of the Han Dynasty and the turmoil and killings in the Central Plains, the official Confucianism in the Han Dynasty was greatly hit, while the Confucianism in Hexi was unique and extremely prosperous.
Wuwei Confucian temple
It is the third largest Confucius Temple complex in China after Qufu Confucius Temple and Beijing Confucius Temple.
According to legend, it was built in the former cool period, which proved the spread and reproduction of Confucian culture in Hexi Corridor. Since then, the wind of respecting Confucianism and attaching importance to education in Hexi has continued.
Guo Xuan inherited the practice of his teacher Guo He and preached to his disciples in a quiet valley, explaining what he had learned and letting them understand the true meaning of Confucianism. After finishing his studies, he also led his disciples to dig caves in Horseshoe Mountain. They don't know that this grotto, originally built for shelter from the rain, will become an important Buddhist statue shrine in China in the near future-Horseshoe Temple Grottoes. At the same time, it also became the witness of the intersection of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in Hexi Corridor in that era.
Although Guo Jun is low-key and bent on learning, the messenger of Tianxi Zhang, the new former cool king, still follows the footprints left by the children in Hexi.
In 376 ad? Qianqin
Zhang Tianxi surrendered to Fu Jian, the former monarch of the State of Qin, who attacked heavily. Since then, Zhang's rule over Hexi Corridor for nearly 80 years has come to an end. Hexi Corridor belongs to pre-Qin rule.
Fu Jian, who advocated Confucianism, asked the local satrap to send 300 children from Hexi to Guo Jun to study and spread sage thoughts in order to improve the etiquette system of the former Qin State. Guo Jun could not refuse.
At this time, Qi in Jiuquan, Duan Chenggen in Wuwei, Zong Qin and Zhao Rou in Jincheng, Zhong Da, and a large number of Confucian scholars have also started schools to accept disciples, and folk education in Hexi has mushroomed.
Liu Lang and Guo Jun are their proudest and most beloved students.
The Battle of Feishui in 383 AD
Fu Jian, the former Qin Dynasty, invaded the Eastern Jin Dynasty, but was defeated in the battle of Feishui, and the former Qin Dynasty was greatly weakened.
Two years later, before Fu Jian was killed, Zhang Dayu, the son of Tianxi Zhang, a cool country, fought with Qin, and Wang Mu, a captain, sent troops to Jiuquan to respond.
Wang Mu asked Guo Jun to come out and help.
Guo Jun joined forces with a powerful local clan, Suowei, and quickly recruited an army of 5,000 people and 30,000 stone grain and grass to cope with the rise of Wang Mu.
Wang Mu appointed Guo Jun as the chief historian of Taifu Zuo, but the complexity of political struggle far exceeded the imagination of a scholar. Before long, Wang Mu, who was suspicious by nature, began to suspect that Suowei's mastery of military power would be bad for him, so he sent troops to attack Suowei.
Guo Xuan failed to convince him and finally died in Nanshan, Jiuquan.
Wang Mu's attack on Soto gave others an opportunity, and Lv Guang, a noble of the Di nationality, took the opportunity to attack and was defeated and killed, and the dream of restoring the cool past was shattered.
In 386 ad
Lv Guang set up his own regime in Liangzhou, which was called "Hou Liang" in history.
Liu Fang witnessed his father-in-law, Guo Jun, from failure to final death. Governing the country and calming the world has always been the highest code of conduct of Confucianism.
Li Yong was born in Longxi, now Qin 'an.
According to legend, he was the sixteenth grandson of Li Guang, the general of the Han Dynasty. Three hundred years later, the great poet of the Tang Dynasty called himself the ninth grandson of Li Yong. He admired his ancestors and kept writing new legends, which seemed to be the * * * nature of this family member.
Xiliang in 400 AD
Li Yan, then the satrap of Dunhuang, established the Xiliang regime in the west of Hexi Corridor.
In the early days of the establishment of Xiliang, Li Yong followed the system of selecting talents and appointing people, set up education and advocated Confucianism. Even personally asked scholars to measure before awarding officials. The prosperity trend of civil administration in Xiliang period was unique in the regime established at that time. The development of culture and education not only retains the traditional Confucian culture in the Central Plains, but also creates a large number of celebrities.
Li Yong is familiar with Confucian classics, good at literature and art, and has written dozens of poems and poems, one of which, Narrative Poem, has been handed down to this day.
In 4 17 AD, Li Yong died with unfulfilled ambition.
Three years after Li Yong's death, Xiliang was destroyed by Beiliang State established by Xiongnu.
A.D. 420
Liu Fang was recruited by the Northern Liang regime and continued to engage in writing and teaching in the official school system. He studied hard day and night, appreciated a large number of precious documents and laws brought by the clans of the Central Plains when they took refuge in Hexi at that time, and made notes on them. He wrote no less than 120 volumes in his life, and he was the scholar with the most academic writings in the Five Liang Dynasties.
At this time, Hexi Corridor also continued the unprecedented prosperity of academic culture and formed a regional cultural system corresponding to the Central Plains. Outstanding achievements are not only academic, but also "no beam literature" with prose and poetry as the mainstay.
In the late Northern Liang Dynasty, Hexi area presented ancient books 154 volumes to the Eastern Jin court.
Song Shu records some long-lost ancient books before the Western Jin Dynasty, as well as the works of local scholars in Hexi, such as Liu Fang. The famous book People in Wei and Jin Dynasties, which was lost in the Central Plains and Jiangnan during the Sixteen Kingdoms Period, was preserved in Hexi Corridor because of Liu Fang's annotation and was returned to Jiangnan.
Despite frequent regime changes in Hexi region, the damage caused by the war is relatively small, and the rulers of past dynasties attached importance to culture and education, which made the two major scholar groups gather in Hexi of the Central Plains.
Hexi scholars, represented by Guo He, Guo Zhen and Liu Fang, also have their own rich world. They not only witnessed the hundred years of the Wuliang regime in Hexi, but also strengthened the mission of a pure land of scholars' souls and the inheritance of Confucianism. They set up large-scale private schools, complemented the government's official studies, and paid equal attention to education and writings, which created the scene of the prosperity of Confucianism in Hexi during the Five Grains Period, and the Hexi Corridor became the Confucian cultural center in northern China.
Northern Wei Dynasty in 439 AD
The northern Wei army led by the Tuoba department of Xianbei people arrived at the gates of Wuwei, and Beiliang perished.
Hexi region 140 years of separatist regime ended. This is the first reunification of northern China since the disintegration of the Central Plains in the late Western Jin Dynasty.
The Tuoba family of the Northern Wei Dynasty entered the Central Plains as a minority, and in order to win wide support, they began to implement the policy of sinicization. Confucianism, as the orthodox thought of China culture and the most distinctive theory of governing the country and ensuring the country's security in China's hundred schools of thought, is especially respected. In order to strengthen the study of Han culture and system, the Northern Wei regime immediately moved 30,000 aristocratic families and craftsmen from Hexi Corridor to their capital, Pingcheng (Datong). In this large-scale eastward movement, almost all Hexi scholars, including Liu Fang's students, were moved to the Central Plains, and Hexi culture and academics, which lasted from the Han Dynasty to the present, also moved eastward.
In order to establish the ruling order, the Northern Wei regime urgently needed the formulation and improvement of etiquette laws and regulations. These Hexi scholars who were familiar with the study of Confucian etiquette laws and regulations in Han Dynasty were treated and reused by the Northern Wei regime. They carried forward Confucianism, revived rites and music, and actively participated in the cultural transformation and political reform of Xianbei regime in the Northern Wei Dynasty.
Later, the Sui and Tang Dynasties inherited the regime system of the Northern Dynasties, unified the North and the South with great power, and created a prosperous situation of great unification.
Hexi culture, Central Plains culture and Jiangnan culture are juxtaposed as the origin of Sui and Tang culture.
The hundred-year history of Hexi Corridor was recorded by Liu Yun in Ten Volumes of Dunhuang and Ten Cold Books. The Confucian scholar in Hexi, who was later praised by Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty as "an official who entered Confucianism in his last life", failed to return to his hometown and chose to return to Lingu.