What about "learning from time to time" about the Analects of Confucius in middle school Chinese textbooks? Isn't it a pleasure to study and review often? This is the most distorted explanation. What idea does this sentence show? Persuade? Want everyone to study first and then study? Review the same thing over and over again? Not to mention this is a far cry from the ideological realm of "reviewing the past and learning the new", which is manifested in the mechanical activity of "reading the dead book and reading the dead book". Under the guidance of this idea, isn't this the result of cultivating nerds? ! How could this be Confucius' original intention? How do ordinary people experience happiness?
To be honest, when teachers and parents force us to study, the situation is really "learning while learning". If Confucius says so, I will admire him as a saint, because he knows the world too well. It can be seen that he does not agree with this explanation at all.
There are two main reasons for misunderstanding: first, with the evolution of the times, people gradually equate the "learning" and "learning" used by the ancients to express different images; Secondly, Zhu's explanation emphasizes the meaning of "repetition" contained in the word, misleading future generations to think that "repetition" here is the original intention.
Looking at the explanation of the word "Xi", we can find that the same image of "repeated flight test of birds" has a biased meaning in different contexts. You can express the meaning of "practice, practice" If we emphasize the need to achieve repeatedly, we will derive the meaning of "familiarity and proficiency". Therefore, to accurately grasp the original intention of Confucius, we need to understand his true intention according to the ancient language habits and the context at that time.
Judging from the language habits of the ancients, single words are often used to express images. "Learning" and "learning" were different images for the ancients. According to the ancient records close to the Spring and Autumn Period, the usage of "Xue" as a verb is related to physical activities, and it is mainly used to express the imitation of actions, such as "learning etiquette, learning to fight, learning to shoot, learning to fight" and so on, which means "practicing". Let's look at the context of the word "Xue" in ancient Chinese: Xue, an ancient Chinese character, is written as "Yi, Xue". Whether it's "Yao" or "Xue", we have one feature that hasn't changed: two hands and the composition of "Yao". The reason is related to the Book of Changes and ancient divination, and then to the interpretation of Guangya and Shuowen. The former said, "Learning is also knowledge." The latter said, "Learn and realize." It can be seen that the meaning of "learning" in ancient Chinese characters obviously refers to the act of acquiring knowledge or experience from books through mental activities, and it is by no means equivalent to our modern concept of "learning"!
It can be seen that Confucius is "learning from time to time, isn't it pleasant?" In this sentence, to express a realm improvement and a behavior change, we must emphasize the difference between "learning" and "learning"! Then the process from "learning" to "learning" implies a process from theory to practice; Shelter from thought to action. This is the real ideological core that Confucius wants to express! In that era when the two philosophical concepts of "reason" and "behavior" were not formed, what words could Confucius use to express his understanding of this truth? It should not only reflect the meaning of "practice", but also be related to what you have learned. Does he have any choice but to "study"? Isn't the artistic conception of "repeated test flight of birds" his best choice? It can be seen that the best explanation for the word "Xi" here is "practice and experiment"!
Only by applying what you have learned can you reflect the value of learning and experience a sense of accomplishment in practice; "Applying what you have learned" is the fundamental and starting point of Confucius' advocacy of learning. Learners can realize their own value in practice, can they be unhappy? ! Can you not be happy to verify and enrich your understanding of truth in practice? Can you be unhappy if you display your talents in practice and realize your ideals and ambitions? This is the true meaning of Confucius' "music"! Confucius said, "Listen in the morning and die at night!" Isn't his lament the best evidence of his diligent pursuit of truth? Confucius was first a real person, and then he achieved the reputation of a "saint"-praised by later generations. Therefore, Confucius must first have ordinary people's emotional experience and ordinary people's joys and sorrows. Then, with the gradual maturity of thoughts, the constant sharpening of realistic situations and the continuous improvement of self-cultivation, some moral feelings that people can experience are produced.
As can be seen from the context, according to psychological analysis (the same is true of the psychological activities of the ancients), the word "Xi" of Confucius can mean "practice, experiment and practice", but it will never be a completely illogical misunderstanding of "review, review"!
The meaning of "time"
Four o'clock, four o'clock. The original meaning is "opportunity, time, often" and so on, and the extended meaning also includes opportunity, opportunity and so on. With the previous analysis, we can rule out that "we contacted the life of Confucius." In order to publicize his ideas, he spent most of his life in a state of turmoil and drift from place to place. His advanced thoughts were not paid enough attention by the ruling class at that time, and his ideal was difficult to realize. It can be seen that he may value the opportunity to display his ambition here more! Considering the whole context, the explanation of "time" is reasonable.
The true meaning of happiness
If the Analects of Confucius is examined by psychoanalysis, wouldn't it be better to "learn from time to time" in the first sentence of the first middle school? Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? Ignorance and dissatisfaction are not gentlemen? "In contrast, we will be surprised to find that the first sentence" is not to keep pace with the times? Isn't it a pleasure to learn (knowledge or skills) "literally" and have the time and opportunity to apply, verify and improve in practice? "It advocates the idea of applying what you have learned, contains the idea of pursuing truth, grasping truth, testing truth and perfecting truth, and embodies the sense of accomplishment of" applying what you have learned "and realizing self-worth! Then, the second sentence, "Isn't it a pleasure to have friends coming from afar? "Isn't this an excellent embodiment of' spreading the truth and gaining recognition'? Although we know that ancient times were sparsely populated, simple in folk customs and hospitable, do we need Confucius to emphasize it if it is only because such people know it? This is not very reliable either. This "friend" obviously refers to like-minded people (not necessarily old acquaintances). What do such people talk about when they get together? Of course, they have common interests-they have common ideals and ambitions! For a thinker who thought about things unimaginable to ordinary people at that time, such friends seemed extremely precious. Secondly, more importantly, what does it mean for this friend from afar to visit Confucius? That explains two meanings: first, Confucius' thoughts and ideas have spread far away; Secondly, Confucius' thought has been recognized by the other side, at least paid attention to by the other side, which makes friends from far away come to visit him all the way! This is an experience of recognized and respected value and sense of accomplishment, which is the real reason for people's excitement and happiness! Imagine, in the real life of Confucius, even if there are such people, there will never be many! Then, let's examine the third sentence from the perspective of psychoanalysis: "People don't know and don't care. Isn't that a gentleman?" "It is not difficult for us to understand the feelings expressed by this philosopher. For a lofty philosopher, not being understood and recognized by others was a normal life at that time. So, what should Confucius or someone who represents the pursuit of truth do in this situation? This sentence is not so much Confucius' teaching to future generations as Confucius' self-encouragement warning of self-doubt and self-comfort! Because in the history of Chinese civilization, how many people can reach or approach the ideological realm of Confucius? What's more, people in the same era? ! From this sentence, we can feel his helplessness and desolation. At the same time, I also realized a little Confucius' attitude towards life. When the truth we have learned is not only not accepted or recognized by others, but even attracts blows or satire, we will be angry! At this time, Confucius said: "I don't know and I don't care. Isn't it a gentleman?" "Anger can change reality? If we take it out on others and do the opposite, it may lead us to the other extreme! At this time, Confucius told us to stick to our own virtue and keep a gentleman's demeanor, which is the embodiment of the moral value of Confucius' "benevolence"!
Pursuing different realms of truth
"When learning, don't you say the same? Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? Ignorance and dissatisfaction are not gentlemen? " This sentence can be used as the first paragraph at the beginning of The Analects. It is extremely simple, but it has profound meaning. Its true meaning has been divided and misunderstood by people. The first sentence "keep pace with the times, don't you?" Isn't it a pleasure to have the opportunity to put what you have learned into practice? The main idea of this sentence is "apply what you have learned"! Implicit means pursuing the truth, being tested, applied and perfected in practice, and embodying the value of learning in practice. This is a happy thing! The second sentence "Isn't it a pleasure to have friends coming from afar?" Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? The moral is to spread the truth, which is generally valued and even recognized by people. This is what makes people happy! The third sentence, "If you don't know and don't care, you are not a gentleman?" Isn't the literal meaning of "Don't be angry if others don't understand (your idea)" also the bearing that a gentleman should have? The implication is that if the truths we understand or master are not understood or recognized by others, it is because they are too difficult or profound, too lofty and too few. Don't take it out on others at this time. The first paragraph of The Analects of Confucius is a complete organism, which tells people from the beginning that the pursuit of truth is at different levels and in different situations. This paper discusses the three levels of mastering truth, applying truth and spreading truth, and expounds the different emotional experiences of people to realize their own values with the most primitive examples. Inadvertently, it also roughly expounds people's psychological needs at different levels: emotional and belonging needs, respect needs and self-realization needs. This not only guides people how to realize their own value and get the happy emotional experience they deserve, but also warns us how to prevent ourselves from going to the other extreme without being understood and recognized by others.