The Forbidden City was formerly known as the Forbidden City. From the fourth to the eighteenth year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty, Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty began to build it. 24 emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties ruled here. The Forbidden City is the Royal Palace, with red walls, yellow tiles, and brilliant golden walls. Why is the Royal Palace called the Forbidden City? There are roughly three theories as follows: One theory is that this is related to the ancient allusion of "purple air coming from the east". Legend has it that when Lao Tzu left Hangu Pass, a purple energy came from the east and was seen by the gatekeeper. Not long after, I came riding a green bull, and the gatekeeper knew that he was a saint. The gatekeeper asked Laozi to write the famous "Tao Te Ching". Therefore, purple air is considered to have auspicious meanings, indicating the appearance of saints and treasures. Du Fu's poem "Qiu Xing" said: "Looking to the west to see the Queen Mother descending from Yaochi, to the east the purple air fills Hanguan." From then on, the ancients called the auspicious air Ziyun, and the place where the legendary immortal lived was called Ziyun. The sea calls the immortals Ziquan, and calls the paths outside the city Zimo. Purple air comes from the east, symbolizing good luck. From this, we can see that "purple" has a great origin in the Forbidden City. The place where the emperor lived was heavily guarded and inaccessible to ordinary people, so it was called the Forbidden City.
Another theory is that the origin of the Forbidden City is related to superstition and legend. The emperor claimed to be the son of the Emperor of Heaven, the Son of Heaven. The Heavenly Palace is where the Emperor of Heaven lives, and naturally it is also where the Son of Heaven lives. "Guangya Shitian" says: "The Heavenly Palace is called the Purple Palace." Therefore, the palace where the emperor lived was called the Purple Palace. There is also a theory that the origin of the Forbidden City is related to the ancient "Imperial Wall" theory. In ancient times, the stars in the sky were divided into three groups, twenty-eight constellations and other constellations by astronomers. Three Yuans refer to Taiwei Yuan, Tianshi Yuan and Ziweixing Yuan. The Ziwei Xingyuan is called the Emperor and is located in the center of the Three Yuans. Ziweixing is the Big Dipper, surrounded by stars. In ancient times, there was a saying that "Zi Wei is in the middle" and "the emperor of Taiping sat in the middle, and the officials of the Qing Dynasty were divided into four seas".
Since the ancients compared the emperor to Ziweixingyuan, then Ziweixingyuan also became the place of emperor's extreme. Therefore, the emperor's palace was called Ziji, Zijin, and Ziyuan, which is the term "Purple Forbidden". It existed as early as the Tang Dynasty. The Forbidden City in Beijing covers an area of ??1,087 acres, is 961 meters long from north to south, 753 meters wide from east to west, and has a circumference of about 7 miles. There are more than 9,000 halls and houses, and the surrounding walls are more than 10 meters high. Calling this imperial city the Forbidden City is not only worthy of its name, but also It means the city of the emperor.
Inspecting the buildings in the Forbidden City, the Hall of Supreme Harmony, which symbolizes the loftiness and greatness of "Heaven", is located in the middle level of the Forbidden City and is the highest and most prominent place. The Qianqing and Kunning palaces, which symbolize heaven and earth, are closely connected. The two gates of Sun Jing and Yue Hua on both sides of them symbolize the sun and moon. The array of buildings beyond the six east and west palaces that symbolize the twelve stars represent the stars in the sky. This is a symbolic building complex.
The Forbidden City is the old name of the Forbidden City. From the perspective of "star wall" theory, its naming and architectural design can be said to be highly unified and perfectly matched.
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The scale system of ancient China was taken from the human body and mainly derived from the decimal system. It was originally found in ancient books There are many records, such as "Jiayu" says: "The fingers of the cloth know the inch, the hand of the cloth knows the ruler, and the elbows stretch to know the search"; "Customs" says: "The step starts from the foot, the length of the foot is ten inches, and the length of the foot is ten inches." A ruler, with one leap of three feet, is the law of heaven, earth, and human beings. If you jump again, it will be a step."
As far as architecture is concerned, the ancients also paid great attention to the appropriate scale to meet people's physical, psychological and social needs. Among them, the scale regulation of "a thousand feet is a potential, a hundred feet is a form" is used as the design of the external space of the building. The so-called "external module" is derived from the scale system based on the human body, based on the decimal system, and is formed by the extension of the indoor space scale, that is, from feet to feet (10 feet), and then to hundreds of feet (10×10 Chi) and Thousand Chi (10×10×10 Chi) are very obvious, which is fully reflected in the architecture of the Forbidden City.
The overall concept of the Forbidden City attaches great importance to "no majesty without magnificence" and strives to express and strengthen the Jiuding Zun of its environmental atmosphere. However, this artistic pursuit still has distinct realistic characteristics and constitutes a scale. The basic scale of the external space of each single building in the grand and majestic Forbidden City building group actually follows the principle of "a hundred feet form a shape", that is, the scale of the individual buildings is controlled from 23 meters to 35 meters. The plan and vertical scale of the overall building are not used to achieve artistic success through exaggeration of superhuman scale.
In terms of height, the tallest single building in the Forbidden City is the Meridian Gate. The most important function of the main gate of the Forbidden City was that the emperor personally controlled the gate tower during the triumphal conquest and presented prisoners, which had a clear and strong repressive and deterrent effect. Even so, the height from the ground below the city to the ridge is only 37.95 meters. The total height of the Taihe Gate to the north of the Meridian Gate is only 23.80 meters. As for the Hall of Supreme Harmony of the Jiuding Zun, together with the three-story huge platform, the total height is only 35.05 meters. In addition, all other individual buildings in the Forbidden City are below 35 meters.
In terms of depth, the Hall of Supreme Harmony is the largest, with a depth of 33.33 meters. All other units are within this limit. In terms of the breadth of each individual building, in addition to the main buildings on the central axis such as the Meridian Gate, Taihe Gate, Taihe Hall and Shenwu Gate, there are also Donghua Gate, Xihua Gate and Tiren Pavilion on the horizontal axis. , Hongyi Pavilion, etc., all use hundreds of scales to control their width.
These "centered buildings" are located on the main axis, and are actually the main buildings on the axis of symmetry. In terms of symmetry, the width of the entire area is determined by keeping each side of the axis within a hundred feet. For example, the width of the Meridian Gate Main Tower is 2×30 meters, and the width of the Hall of Supreme Harmony is 2×30 meters. , Tiren Pavilion and Hongyi Pavilion are both 2×30 meters and so on.
In terms of close viewing distance, most of the inner courtyards in the East and West Sixth Palace are wide and within 35 meters in depth. The three most prominent halls, from the south to the north end of the three terraces, are divided section by section from east to west. The depth and width are also divided here. Among them, the south side of the three terraces is 33 meters deep; the southern steps of the upper terrace are The thoroughfare to the Hall of Supreme Harmony is 29 meters deep; the open passage to the Taihe Hall is 35 meters deep; the distance from the northern Danbi of the Taihe Hall to the Danbi of the Zhonghe Hall is 31 meters; the clear passage to the platform of the Zhonghe Hall is 23 meters deep; the Zhonghe Hall meanders north to The Baohe Hall Platform is 33.8 meters deep in the south; the Baohe Hall Platform is 25 meters deep; the Danbi Tower in the north is 30 meters deep; the Danbi Tower in the north is 34.8 meters deep, and the Qianqing Gate Terrace is 34.8 meters deep. "For shape" scale control principle.
In terms of long-distance viewing distance composition, the distance between Donghua Gate and Xihua Gate is too large. With only exceptions, the distance between all other squares, streets and adjacent single buildings, as well as city platforms and The length of each section of the city wall is only about 350 meters, which is obviously limited by the "thousand-foot potential".
It is worth emphasizing that precisely because the plan scale of each individual building in the Forbidden City is controlled in the shape of a hundred feet, the viewing distance at close range is also limited in the shape of a hundred feet, and the viewing distance at a distance is controlled at Within the limit of the thousand-foot potential, the journey during the period follows the principle of space composition divided into the thousand-foot potential, thus forming a series of optimal viewing angles and sense of space, ensuring close, distant and During the movement, you can obtain the best visual effect in the transformation of time and space between form and potential.
In short, the application of numbers in the overall layout of the large-scale buildings in the Forbidden City is very reasonable and scientific. The resulting artistic atmosphere is shocking and powerful, extremely magnificent, and is particularly prominent when viewed from a distance.