Study guide: 1. Correct pronunciation with the help of textbooks and reference books. Rare words in classical Chinese; Polysyllabic words; Common words; Ancient name; Place names still retain ancient characters.
These are the key points of study. 2. Learn to read aloud on the basis of understanding the meaning of the sentence, and pause between words according to the meaning. In ancient Chinese, monosyllabic words were mostly used to express the meaning, so don't misread two adjacent monosyllabic words as compound words in modern Chinese.
Long sentences can be broken according to the context, and the modal particles at the beginning of the sentence can be paused. 3. Understand the meaning of the sentence ① Understand the meaning of the sentence with the help of text notes and reference books.
② Understand the changes of ancient and modern meanings and correctly understand the meaning of sentences. ③ Understand the meaning of the sentence in the context.
4. If you want to recite beautiful paragraphs quickly and remember them firmly, you should first read the text correctly, word by word, without losing words, and read them carefully word by word. After reading it, you should consider reciting it. The most important thing for a new text is to read it correctly first, otherwise it is difficult to correct the habit of reading the wrong place. Secondly, reading comprehension, only by understanding the content can we recite it accurately.
Third, when reciting a long article, you can divide it into small paragraphs and "break it all". Fourth, with the help of association and body movements, help students memorize.
Fifth, continuous review, no one can remember at once, and planned repeated training can enhance memory. Sixth, recite the central difficulties and mistakes, and focus on writing notes.
5. Summary of the main points of the content According to the content of the article, questions are generally asked: Who wrote it, described what, introduced what characteristics, and expounded what kind of truth. To answer these questions, we must understand the article sentence by sentence, layer by layer and paragraph by paragraph. The reading method is the same as modern Chinese. Although classical Chinese is far from our life, its study has a clear scope. No matter which knowledge topic, it is mainly textbooks. Therefore, as long as ordinary students are willing to work hard, their grades in classical Chinese will be better.
2. Methods and skills of reading classical Chinese in junior high school If your classical Chinese foundation is poor, first of all, you should read more extracurricular classical Chinese and try to translate it yourself. If you can't, you can discuss it with the teacher (don't be embarrassed, the teacher welcomes your questions). Then, you should buy a workbook about classical Chinese. Do an article every day. If not, you can ask people around you. Never copy the answer, because it won't work. This may not be effective at first, but we must stick to it. I believe that in a short time, your level of classical Chinese will be improved quickly. Note: If you want to learn classical Chinese well, it depends on your attitude. If you really want to learn it well, just follow the above steps and your grades will definitely improve. Because I was also a student, classical Chinese was very poor at that time. This is the method that the teacher taught me, which is really useful. I hope that after reading my suggestions, your classical Chinese will be improved. To sum it up. When reading classical Chinese, you should always write down disyllabic words, polysemous words and special sentence patterns. When reading classical Chinese, as long as a word has a second pronunciation, a word has a second explanation, and a sentence structure is different from modern Chinese, it is necessary to copy it down in time and summarize it.
3. Perception of the learning method of classical Chinese After learning classical Chinese, it is very important to feel the method. Here are some of my opinions.
First, we should grasp the basic knowledge in a down-to-earth manner. We must master the common real words, function words and special sentence patterns in classical Chinese.
The second is to know how to use classical Chinese translation methods. Translation of classical Chinese is generally based on the principle of "faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance". Faith means that the translation accurately expresses the meaning of the original text, without distortion, omission, arbitrary increase or decrease of meaning, that is, it does not "go out of shape". "Vivid" means that the translation is clear and fluent, which conforms to the expression habits of modern Chinese and has no language defects. "Elegance" means that the translation is required to be more elegant in words and sentences and more beautiful in writing.
Third, we should master the reading skills of classical Chinese and understand the content of the article.
1, to learn classical Chinese, we should establish a sense of context and use the method of "explaining the text with words, explaining the text with things, and understanding the text with words" to accurately understand the article. (1) "Interpreting a text by text" is to scientifically understand the meaning of the text in the context according to the characteristics of ancient Chinese characters and the position of the text. Grammatical structure analysis can be used to infer the meaning of words in learning. For example, in the sentence of "water and fog are hidden outside the proximity", "hard to find" is the predicate, while "letter" modifies "hard to find" as an adverbial, usually acting as an adverb. Combined with the context, it can be inferred that "faith" is "reality" We can also infer the meaning of words with the help of neat sentence patterns: ancient people's behavior often has the characteristics of symmetry, and in similar language environments, words in corresponding positions often have the same, similar or opposite and relative meanings, so that they can be correctly explained. For example, "A swift current is an arrow, if fierce waves rush in", "Arrow" and "Chong" are both objects, so it can be judged that it is a noun, which means "Pentium". It can also be understood by the corresponding things and characters in the context. (2) "Explaining the text by events", in which "events" refers to the relevant factual background. When studying, you can understand this by reading notes after class. (3) "Understanding the text" refers to understanding the text reasonably, taking into account the rational and rational factors. For example, we can understand the article by understanding the character of the article, the author's emotional attitude towards the characters written, the events described, the emotions expressed and so on.
2. To learn classical Chinese, we should establish a sense of classical Chinese style and grasp the connotation of the article quickly by grasping the stylistic characteristics. The styles of ancient Chinese prose are as follows: (including: ① Inscription: ancient Chinese prose carved on stone tablets and describing the life stories of characters. ② Travel Notes: It is a prose genre describing travel experiences. Miscellaneous notes: It is a genre of ancient Chinese prose, which is based on things, without much discussion, and writes out what you have seen and heard. (4) Notes: It is a style that records the life stories of ancient people. ⑤ Notes: A short and rich style in ancient times. For example, Meng Xi Tan. Original (the argumentative style of ancient exploration. For example, Yuan Jun (Huang Zongxi) is an ancient argumentative style of distinguishing right from wrong. It is an ancient style of describing things by narrative, discussion or explanation. For example: Ma Shuo and Shi Shuo (the argumentative style of ancient analytical reasoning. For example, regarding the Six Kingdoms, the memorials presented by ancient ministers to the emperor (sparse: it is a style in which ministers state their opinions to the emperor in sections, also known as memorials and memorials. Statement: the style of stating an idea or thing. Policy: The way of asking questions in the imperial examination is called policy asking, which allows candidates to answer. Irony: In ancient times, people were euphemistically persuaded to accept the opinions of their subordinates through metaphors and hints. Preface: one of the ancient styles, written for farewell. For example, a historical biography (generally, introduce someone's life, personality and experience first, then describe specific events, and finally describe its ending, influence or evaluation by future generations, etc.). In the process of learning classical Chinese, students can consciously obtain the information of the article and master the main points of the content according to the stylistic characteristics of classical Chinese.
Fourth, on the basis of reading classical Chinese and grasping the content of the article, we should summarize the knowledge points of classical Chinese in time, summarize reading skills and improve the learning ability of classical Chinese. Students can classify the knowledge points of the text according to the basic knowledge of classical Chinese, and summarize the reading skills according to the stylistic characteristics, so as to learn classical Chinese and learn classical Chinese. Classical Chinese carries the long-standing culture of China. Scientific learning methods will give us wings to learn, let us swim happily in the historical sky, appreciate its exquisiteness, sincerity and beauty, and grasp its broadness, depth and breadth!
4. What are the skills for reading classical Chinese? To read classical Chinese, we must first master the reading methods.
Many students often don't read the article carefully, but just go to the article to find the answer. It is impossible to answer the question correctly without reading the article.
Doing classical Chinese reading problems can be divided into three steps: the first step is to read the full text and feel the whole. Read through must complete the following five tasks; Understand the content of the narrative; Find out the reasons, processes and results recorded; Briefly analyze who participated in the contents of the record, whether there are major or minor differences between them, and what is the relationship; Check whether the author has any comments and what to talk about in the narrative; Pay attention to the characteristics of narrative methods.
If the article is argumentative, it is necessary to find out the sentences that show the argument, then find out the arguments that support the argument, and finally see how to prove the argument. The second step is to read the details and grasp the characters.
After understanding the main plot of the article, if you want to further understand the main idea of the article, you can't do without the characters, but you should pay attention to the description of the characters, especially some details can often convey the quality and heart of the characters. Pay attention to reading these details, such as; Try to figure out the tone of the character's language, pay attention to the change of expression, pay attention to the direction of action, etc. , so as to understand the real intention of the characters.
Therefore, reading the characters' words and deeds will make the characters' character and behavior clear in their minds, and it is inevitable to grasp the main idea of the article. The third step is to read the article intensively and prescribe the right medicine.
Go deep into the article, use the context of the article itself, the theme of the proposition, the original words in the article, comments and the main idea of the article to answer relevant questions and prescribe the right medicine. Word explanation questions.
When solving problems, we should first apply the meaning of the content words in classical Chinese that we have learned, and then contact the context test. Fluency after the exam is the correct answer. Sentence translation questions.
Translated sentences should be translated freely on the basis of literal translation. First of all, literal translation, explain the meaning of keywords on the draft; Then translate freely and write the general meaning of the sentence.
Screening information questions. Students are required to analyze and classify the content of the article on the basis of understanding the meaning of the article, thus reflecting the degree of understanding of the article.
The information content involved in the extraction is: displaying the information of the character's behavior characteristics; Information reflecting the wishes and ideas of the characters; Information reflecting a person's moral sentiment or intelligence; Information that shows a character's personality and emotions. Filtering and extracting the information in the text is based on understanding the article, which can promote us to understand all the materials in the reading process.
Summarize the problems. To make a comprehensive judgment on the event or truth, it is necessary to answer the basis of argument, the cause of the event, the result of development, etc.
This is a comprehensive ability to further improve on the basis of understanding the meaning of the text. The specific contents are as follows: the basis of the argument; The essence of the phenomenon; The cause and effect of something; A person's thoughts, character, etc.
Views and attitudes. To summarize the author's views and attitudes in the article, we can start with stylistic features; Narrative style, the author's views and attitudes are often integrated into the characters and events he narrates, and a few articles have brief comments at the beginning or end, so we should grasp these characteristics when summing up.
Argumentative style, the author's point of view is the argument of the article. Pay attention to two points at the same time; First, the summary should be complete and comprehensive, taking into account several aspects contained in the author's emotional attitude, not generalizing and forgetting everything; Second, the accuracy and appropriateness of generalization, not exaggerating, not narrowing, not absolutizing and properly summarizing.
Secondly, there should be a systematic and comprehensive review of classical Chinese in class, such as sorting out common words, polysemous words and ancient and modern synonyms in classical Chinese, and listing the literary common sense of classical Chinese in tables; It is easier to review. On the basis of understanding the content of the text, understand the main idea of the text, do more in-depth thinking, have a unique personal emotional experience, and make the past serve the present; Experience its philosophy in real life.
Extracurricular classical Chinese should be simulated according to the reading requirements of classical Chinese in class; Sentences with rich meanings should be expressed in their own words or translated in modern Chinese. We should be able to analyze the content of extracurricular classical Chinese as required and have our own unique opinions. The ability to read classical Chinese after class cannot be achieved overnight. If you accumulate carefully, train repeatedly and persevere, your ability will be improved unconsciously.
In short, the ability of classical Chinese after class comes from the transfer in class, from repeated training, from accumulation and extension. Classical Chinese handed down from ancient times are mostly classics, shining with the light of ancient writers' thoughts and wisdom, and expressing the ancients' persistent pursuit of the ideals of truth, goodness and beauty.
Enter the classical Chinese, soak in it, appreciate the body odor, enrich the emotional experience, enhance the aesthetic ability and increase the wisdom of life.
5. Summary of translation methods of classical Chinese 1. Basic methods: literal translation and free translation.
There are two basic methods of classical Chinese translation: literal translation and free translation. The so-called literal translation refers to the word-for-word translation of the original text with modern Chinese words, so that the content words and function words are as opposed as possible. The advantage of literal translation is the implementation of every word; Its disadvantage is that sometimes the translated sentences are difficult to understand and the language is not fluent enough. The so-called free translation means translating according to the meaning of the sentence, conforming to the original intention as much as possible, and taking care of the original intention as much as possible. Free translation has certain flexibility, which can add or subtract words, change the position of words and change sentence patterns. The advantage of free translation is that the text is coherent, and the translation conforms to the expression habits of modern languages and is fluent, fluent and easy to understand. Its disadvantage is that sometimes the original text cannot be realized word by word. These two translation methods should be mainly literal translation, supplemented by free translation.
Second, specific methods: leave, delete, supplement, change, adjust and change.
"Stay" means to keep. All words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, as well as ancient names of people, places, things, officials, countries, years and units of measurement. , can remain unchanged when translating.
"Delete" means delete. Delete function words that do not need to be translated in classical Chinese. For example, "Pei Gong joined Fan Kuai"-Fan Kuai, Pei Gong's bodyguard. "This is also" is an ending auxiliary word, which is not translated.
"Supplement" means supplement. (1) Turn monosyllabic words into disyllabic words; (2) make up the omitted elements in the ellipsis sentence; (3) Fill in the omitted sentences. Note: Fill in the omitted components or sentences with brackets.
"Change" means replacement. Replace ancient words with modern words. For example, replace "I, Yu, Yu" with "I" and "II, Ru" with "You".
"Adjustment" means adjustment. Adjust ancient Chinese inverted sentences to modern Chinese sentence patterns. When translating subject-predicate inversion sentences, prepositional object sentences, prepositional object postposition sentences and attributive postposition sentences, the word order should generally be adjusted to conform to modern Chinese expression habits.
"Change" means flexibility. On the basis of being faithful to the original text, relevant words are vivid. If the waves are calm, you can make the lake calm.
Translation formula of ancient Chinese
Classical Chinese translation has its own order, so you can read the whole article first and grasp the main idea.
Understand the theme first, collect information, from paragraphs to sentences, from clauses to words,
Understand all, be clear, and be careful when dealing with difficult sentences.
Take care of the previous paragraph, connect with the next sentence, think carefully and try to figure out the tone.
Strive to be reasonable, reasonable and closely related.
If omitted, fill in the original intention and put brackets to indicate the gain.
Names and place names, without translation, names, as usual,
I and Yu are mine, and Er and You are yours. Omitting inversion is regular.
Content words and function words, with the interpretation of the text, sensitize the sense of language, and vary from sentence to sentence.
After translation, you must carefully compare the sentences and understand the tone.
The sentence was fluent, and then I stopped writing.
6. Reading methods of classical Chinese: First, rely on knowledge accumulation (common function words, first, rely on knowledge accumulation, common function words, basic usage of notional words and common function words, important literary and cultural knowledge, common loanwords, meanings, important literary and cultural knowledge, common loanwords, important historical knowledge, etc. The second is to look at the basic skills (part-of-speech pragmatics, judgment of different sentence patterns, basic skills of part-of-speech pragmatics, judgment of different sentence patterns, part-of-speech pragmatics analysis, translation, induction, analysis, etc. Third, it depends on the ability to use flexibly (according to specific contexts and topics). Third, it depends on the ability to use flexibly according to specific contexts and topics.
Specific analysis and comparison can solve the problem accurately. 1, explain the text with questions.
Explain the text with questions. Classical Chinese reading is relatively difficult, and classical Chinese reading is relatively difficult. Most students often don't understand it after reading it once.
At this point, you need to browse the test requirements quickly, and you don't understand them very well. At this time, you should quickly browse the requirements of the test questions, especially the final summary and judgment questions, and read them carefully, which is the final summary and judgment questions. After reading them carefully, you can understand the general content of the full text, because one of the questions is often inconsistent with the original text, and the full text is generally content, because one of the questions is often inconsistent with the original text, the other three are correct, and the other three are correct, that is, a mistake is often a detail problem.
Then read the last question, question. Then by reading the last question, you will immediately understand the content of the whole text, and then read the original text, which will get twice the result with half the effort and become easier.
If you read the original text again, you will get twice the result with half the effort and become easier. 2. Explain the text sentence by sentence.
Explain the text with the text. Explaining a paragraph with a paragraph is to solve a problem with the words in the article.
Explaining a paragraph with a paragraph is to solve a problem with the words in the article. Various factors in the article have a relationship of mutual restriction and explanation, which is a basis for readers to interpret the article, such as 1994 test questions and annual test questions, and is a basis for readers to interpret the article. For example, every year's test questions are about respecting the elderly in the East. If you don't do it, you will often get uncooked rice. Why bother cooking a meal alone? "
"White rice" means white rice, because there is "white rice on a monthly salary ...". "White rice" means white rice, because there is a saying on it that "you have white rice to eat every month".
3. Comment text. 3. Comment text.
The proposer of classical Chinese will take some notes, and the proposer of classical Chinese will also take some notes, which can often bring great help to solving problems. For example, 199 1 year is very helpful to have a sentence to solve the problem.
For example, in the annual examination questions, there is a sentence "How many uncle sections the knower has, the country calls it a mockery", and the proposer notes "Uncle section, the country calls it a mockery", and on the basis of annotations, the topic "Zhou Wei" is annotated, and on the basis of annotations, a question is given: How many uncle sections the knower has, the country calls it a mockery. "This is actually to examine students' ability to solve problems."
"The reason is (what)." "This actually examines the students' ability to explain things.
The ability to write. "4. Understand the text.
To understand the text. When answering translated sentences, we should combine the context, and when answering translated sentences, we should combine the context and be good at understanding things.
For example, "give" in the sentence "give support" in 1994 is reasonable. For example, in the sentence "annual support", is it "giving" or "abundance"? Is it "giving" or "making" ... full? "It seems to be full.
But from a rational analysis, we can only say "yes". But from the analysis of the reasons, we can only take "making Fengfeng do his best because He Ziping is a retired official".
Because as a retired official, He Ziping is not dissatisfied with the general support, but with the general support. Another example is the translation of "supporting private courts". Another example is the translation of "raising a private family", which is "raising a foster mother at home or helping her manage the family" or "helping her manage the family"? Regardless of the meaning of the word, you can't say "don't talk about sex", and you can't say "help your mother keep house" because of this "housekeeper".
Because this "family management" task depends on the mother who is nearly eighty years old. Why do He Ziping and He Xiaozhi have it? Damn it, He Ziping He Xiaozhi? 5. A way to read classical Chinese: (1) Grasp the main idea and start from the back. The first sentence is to read a) Grasp the main idea and start from the back. When writing a classical Chinese, you must first have a general understanding of the full text and master as many articles as possible. Understand and master the article as much as possible.
Answer the last question. Answer the last question.
The last question of classical Chinese in college entrance examination is to judge the meaning of the text, which helps candidates understand the meaning of the text. Combined with the meaning of the text, this question helps candidates understand the meaning of the text.
(2) sentence translation, keywords. The second sentence means to make a sentence.
When translating questions, grasp the key words in the sentence. When translating questions, grasp the key words in the sentence.
The requirements of classical Chinese translation are: straightness, accuracy and complement. "Straight" means "literal translation" as far as possible when translating sentences; "Accuracy" means that the translation of key words should be "accurate" because the language of classical Chinese is concise and the translation should be "accurate"; "Complement" is because the language of classical Chinese is concise and there are many omissions. When translating, you should supplement the omitted content.
For example, those who want to rule the world and respect their names, for example, those who want to rule the world and respect their names, must respect the sages and the corporal. This sentence should be translated as "and corporal."
If a king wants to make the world stable and spread his fame (later generations), he must respect Ping and spread his fame (later generations), and he must respect the sages and treat each other with humility. This song is literally translated, and the key words are "respect name", "secondary name" and "respect name".
7. Classical Chinese reading skills and experience. No matter what grade, short reading mainly examines students' understanding of the article, such as explaining the text, summarizing the center and answering questions.
In order to answer these questions successfully, the most basic requirement is to read and understand the author's intention first. So, be sure to read it several times, and don't rush to do the problem without understanding it, for fear of delaying time.
Remember: sharpening the knife does not miss the woodcutter. This is especially true for classical Chinese.
In addition, we should also strengthen the usual reading accumulation. Because the cultivation of reading ability is by no means a day's work, and it is impossible to do it overnight.
Reading more books and articles in your spare time can not only exercise your understanding ability, but also help you accumulate some writing materials. It's killing two birds with one stone. Speaking of classical Chinese, you should pay more attention to the usage of function words in classical Chinese, because most content words are easy to understand as long as they are related to the context.
Spend more time reading classical Chinese in high school textbooks. If conditions permit, it is best to compare the text published by a regular publishing house with the vernacular.
If you can't find it, you can also watch Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, half written and half written in white, which is close to our current Chinese. These two methods are particularly helpful to improve the reading level of classical Chinese.
You know, that's how I learned. Very effective. The above is just my personal experience, for reference only.