Although the name "constitution" was clearly put forward in Chinese medicine in recent years, the development of Chinese medicine for thousands of years contains rich understanding of human constitution. As early as Neijing, the formation and classification of constitution and the relationship between constitution and pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment were discussed. Later medical works such as Treatise on Febrile Diseases, Synopsis of the Golden Chamber and Treatise on Febrile Diseases also included the content of physique. However, the discussion was scattered and disorganized, and failed to form a systematic theory. Since 1970s, the research on constitution of traditional Chinese medicine has been carried out step by step. With the deepening of research, the focus has shifted from sorting out the relevant knowledge of the ancients to social investigation and clinical application, and combined with modern scientific methods and means such as physiology, biochemistry, immunity and heredity, the research on TCM constitution has the development prospect of combining macro-research with micro-research, combining clinical analysis with theoretical discussion, and combining traditional methods with modern methods. Some people even advocate the establishment of "TCM constitution theory" to strengthen and deepen the research in this field.
Factors affecting physique The formation of physique is influenced by many factors, such as congenital, age, gender, mental state, living and eating conditions, geographical environment, disease, physical exercise, society and so on. Congenital factors are endowments, including some congenital physical defects and inherited specific constitutions. Age is an important factor affecting physical fitness, and physical fitness is limited by age. For example, children's physique is characterized by delicate viscera and vigorous vitality, while the elderly are characterized by low viscera function and aging. There are differences in physical fitness between men and women. Modern physiological and pathological research and clinical practice have found that men are more sensitive to severe respiratory tract infection, central nervous virus infection, viral gastroenteritis and hepatitis than women, and the prevalence rate is higher. The main reason is that the genes that produce immunity in women are twice as high as those in men. Emotional activities are more expensive than reconciliation. If long-term mental stimulation or sudden severe mental trauma exceeds the range regulated by human physiological activities, it will affect physical fitness, cause imbalance of Yin and Yang, qi and blood, and dysfunction of viscera, thus leading to the occurrence of diseases. Bad personality and personality will also have a bad influence on physical fitness. Physical fitness is also obviously related to different geographical areas. Different soil and water properties, climate types and living conditions affect people's physique in different regions. Generally speaking, in China, there are more people with symptoms of yang deficiency and cold in the north than in the south. Southerners have fever and yin deficiency. In addition, the quality of living conditions, whether to pay attention to diet, as well as disease factors, physical exercise, social factors and so on have a certain impact on physical fitness.
Constitution and Pathogenesis Although exogenous pathogens constantly invade the human body, whether you can get sick generally depends on your constitution. Furthermore, the particularity of individual constitution often leads to susceptibility to a certain pathogenic factor or disease. For example, people who are prone to illness and colds are mostly weak in yang; People who are prone to illness and fever are mostly yin-qi bodies; Fat people are prone to phlegm-dampness stroke, and thin people are prone to cough when they have more fire; Kidney deficiency and phlegm asthma in the elderly. Constitution also affects the nature and outcome of diseases. For example, if both of them feel the damp evil, and the body of yang heat gets it, then the damp evil turns from yang to heat and becomes "damp heat"; If the body of yin is cold, it turns from yin to cold, which is called "cold dampness". The reason is naturally that yin and yang are born together, the viscera are divided into strong and weak, and the body has different transformations to cold, heat, dryness and dampness. Of course, the phenomenon of "conghua" caused by yin-yang imbalance is relative, because in the process of disease development, under the influence of various factors (such as proper treatment), the patient's physique may also change.
Constitution and syndrome differentiation "syndrome" is a summary of some obvious and changeable pathological features in a certain situation, and "quality" is a relatively stable physiological feature, but syndrome is closely related to constitution. Identifying physique is helpful to judge syndromes. For example, taking children's physical characteristics as an example, children are children's yin and children's yang, which are easy to cause diseases from the exterior to the interior, and are prone to cold syndrome and heat syndrome, and most of them are acute syndrome, interior syndrome and deficiency syndrome. In addition, children should pay more attention to the syndrome of lung, spleen and kidney because of the delicate viscera, especially the deficiency of lung, spleen and kidney. In addition, the physical characteristics of obese people with excessive phlegm and thin people with excessive fire also provide reference for clinical syndrome differentiation. It can be seen that by distinguishing physique, complex diseases and syndromes can be diagnosed more comprehensively and accurately. Therefore, it is often necessary to classify physique in clinic. There are many classification methods, such as Lingshu Twenty-five Houses of Yin and Yang. According to the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements, various body types with different endowments are summarized and further divided into 25 physical types. However, the current classification methods mainly focus on the following two types: ① Based on physical observation, combination of form and spirit, combination of tongue and pulse, personality type and eating habits, it can be divided into seven types: normal quality, yang deficiency quality, yin deficiency quality, phlegm-dampness quality, damp-heat quality, qi deficiency quality and blood stasis quality. ② According to the clinical macroscopic syndromes and pulse color characteristics, it can be divided into normal quality, fuzzy quality, greasy stagnation quality, hot and dry quality, slow cooling quality and burnout quality. 6? Seven qualities and six types. Whether and how to unify constitution classification needs to be studied in clinical practice.
Constitution and treatment ① vary from person to person. People's physical qualities are different, such as hot and cold, so clinical treatment must be combined with the patient's usual physique. If the face is white and the body is fat, it belongs to yang deficiency constitution, and phlegm and dampness are abundant. If you feel cold and wet, you can't do without ginger and ginseng. If you feel hot and humid, it will be sticky and difficult to solve. Considering its yang deficiency constitution, it is necessary to activate Yang Qi to eliminate dampness. If it is too cold, it will be wet and the yang will be more sleepy. On the other hand, people with pale complexion and thin constitution belong to yin deficiency constitution, internal fire is easy to move, and damp evil changes from heat to body fluid, which is just the opposite of the treatment of people with yang deficiency constitution. In addition, we should also pay attention to the physical differences caused by age, gender, living conditions and geographical environment. ② Different treatments for the same disease and the same treatment for different diseases. Due to physical differences, even if they suffer from the same disease, they can show different syndrome types. On the other hand, even with different pathogenic factors or different diseases, patients often have the same or similar pathogenesis and clinical syndromes and treatment methods because of their similar constitutions in some aspects. ③ Use medicine according to the physical condition. For example, yin deficiency should be sweet and cold, salty and cold, moist and dry, avoid pungent and cold, and avoid spicy food; Yang deficiency should benefit fire and warm up, and avoid bitter cold and purging fire; Qi deficiency should benefit qi and nourish yuan, and avoid scattered cutting. Physical fitness index system Physical fitness research takes groups as the research object, involving many categories and wide contents. Physical fitness measurement generally includes the following contents and indicators. Long jump training 1, morphological index, height, weight, chest circumference, upper arm circumference, sitting height and body composition (sebum thickness, body fat ratio, fat-free weight, etc. 2. Functional indicators, such as quiet heart rate, blood pressure, lung function and cardiovascular exercise test. 3, physical fitness indicators, strength indicators (grip strength, back muscle strength, abdominal muscle strength, etc. ), explosive power index (vertical jump, standing long jump), lifting power index (horizontal bar with bent arms), flexibility (standing in front of the station, prone back), sensitivity and coordination (repeated crossing), balance (standing with one foot closed), endurance event 4, ability index, running (fast running) and so on.