Kong Ming replied: "Confucianism is different from gentlemen and villains. A gentleman's Confucianism is loyal to the monarch and patriotism, keeps good and evil, makes the best use of it, and leaves a name for future generations. If the husband is a villain, he is only engaged in carving insects, specializing in calligraphy, making some contributions to youth, and being humble and poor; Although the pen has a thousand words, there is really nothing to do in the chest. For example, Yang Xiong was famous for his articles, but he bowed to death in the cabinet. This is the so-called Confucianism of villains. Although there are thousands of words every day, why take them! " Cheng Deshu can't be right.
The earliest record of the word "Confucianism" seems to be found in the Analects of Confucius Yong Ye. Confucius warned his favorite student, Xia Zi, that if you want to be a gentleman, you should be a Confucian, not a villain. It can be seen that the origin of Confucian names should be far before Confucius, because by the time of Confucius, the Confucian class had already undergone considerable differentiation, at least forming a bipolar camp of "gentleman Confucianism" and "villain Confucianism". Therefore, we can conclude that the emergence of Confucianism must be some time before Confucius. On this basis, Hu Shi speculated in his famous paper "On Confucianism" that the original Confucianists were all Yin people and were all adherents of Yin. Although this statement is plausible, it always seems to lack more evidence, which is hard to believe.
Scholar theory
In the academic history of China, Liu Xin, a scholar of Han Dynasty, was the first to discuss the origin of Confucianism. According to the Records of Art and Literature in Hanshu, which is quoted from Bielu, the flow of Confucian scholars may have originated from "the official of Situ" at the earliest, and its function is to help the monarch realize Yin and Yang. It is characterized by wandering among the Six Classics (namely, Poetry, Calligraphy, Ritual, Music, Yijing, Spring and Autumn), paying attention to benevolence and righteousness, describing Yao and Shun by ancestors, and showing the style of civil and military affairs by charts. Zhong Ni, a master, emphasized his words and put Tao first. Liu Xin also said that the prosperity of Tang Yu, the prosperity of Yin and Zhou Dynasties, and the role of Confucianism have all achieved considerable success. But after Confucius, the deceiver lost his subtlety, while the founder suppressed it at any time, violating the Tao and grandstanding. After the Five Classics, Confucianism gradually declined, causing troubles for Confucianism. Here, according to the records in Zhou Li, Liu Xin not only analyzed the origin of Confucianism, but also roughly described the general situation of the evolution of Confucianism after Confucius. As far as the origin of Confucianism is concerned, Liu Xin emphasized that they evolved from the official of Stuart, and their function was to help the monarch be enlightened by Yin and Yang. Of course, this statement is not groundless. "Great Zhou Li" said: "The people of the country are based on 92: one is grazing, and the people get it from the land; Second, it is long and expensive for the people; Third, teachers, take people by virtue; Fourth, Confucianism, winning the people by Tao ... "It can be seen that the origin of Confucianism is very long, and it seems to be related to the emergence, development and evolution of Wang Guan.
However, Kang Youwei, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, believed that Liu, Wang Mang forged it out of the need to entrust an orphan to reform, so this statement was neither historical nor reliable. Zhou Li's elaborate design, in particular, cannot but arouse people's doubts about its historical authenticity. You don't have to believe that Liu Xin forged Zhou Li, but the purpose of Liu Xin's sorting out Zhou Li was obviously not an academic activity for academic purposes under the political background at that time. If we say that he put an ideal social model ahead when sorting out Zhou Li according to the data of his predecessors, and regarded Confucianism's "helping the monarch to realize enlightenment with yin and yang" as a political expectation, then we should believe it. So Zhang Taiyan, a modern scholar, went on to say that all the schools of thought, including Confucianism, actually came from ancient times? Crown. " He said in the Scholars: "
Most ancient literati came from Wang Guan. When Shi Qing used the world, when the people were in power, they were farmers, businessmen and herders, and they had no knowledge. If he wants to be a scholar, he must be a government professional or a servant who sweeps the floor. Therefore, "Quli" has a cloud: officials. ..... The so-called official is a doctor, but now he learns to walk. So there are no people who don't learn, and there are no people who don't learn. They are one, not two. "If we observe from the actual situation of ancient China society, learning is in the officer, after all, it is a fact recognized by scholars. Therefore, in this sense, although it is speculation, it seems that there is no big mistake in the direction of speculation.
However, if we analyze the connotation of Confucianism, Zhang Taiyan does not think that Confucianism is a very fixed group of wise men, and its connotation seems quite complicated. If it is a strong classification, there are at least three situations: class name, fashionable name and private name. He said in the article "The Original Confucianism"? There are three branches of Confucianism, called Guan Da, Class and Private. The name is Confucianism, Confucianism and warlock; ..... Class name Confucian, Confucian, know the number of books shot by Li Le; Private Confucianism ",that is, to help the monarch be enlightened by Yin and Yang. Therefore, Tai Yan emphasized that "Confucian classics are the only thing today, but private names are different, the names of names are biased, and important titles are different from ancient times to modern times." Confucianism or Taoism, the name of Confucianism was a warlock in ancient times, but today it is dedicated to the guardian of the teacher's family; The name of "Tao" in ancient times was "virtue and art", but it was designed for today. " Obviously, Zhang Taiyan analyzed the origin of Confucianism from the perspective of development and change. Although Zhang Taiyan's research is quite reasonable, its obvious deficiency is that he believes too much in ancient books and lacks in-depth experience and understanding of the academic background of the pre-Qin period, and his conclusion cannot but arouse the doubts of later scholars. Hu Shi's statement in the article "The Scholars Never Leave Wang Guan" is different from that of Zhang Mingxian, emphasizing that the scholars' learning will never leave Wang Guan's theory. He said that "Zhou Li" was taught by Si Tuleideng, while Confucianism was taught by the Six Classics. The commentator called Confucianism the official of Si Tuleideng. I don't know the naturalization of Confucianism, which is beyond the dreams of Si Tuleideng officials. What you teach here is not what you call teaching. This statement is no longer valid. Hu Shi believes that the discussion on the origin of philosophers should have a deep understanding of the ideological background of the origin of philosophers, and should not be limited to the prejudice that predecessors could not understand. Academic prosperity, from simple to complex, from simple to simple, belongs to the endless period of grassroots. Of course, it does not mean that its essence has been exhausted in the grassroots period. The pre-Qin philosophers, including Confucianism, were all worried about the chaos of the world and wanted to save the world, so their academic life coincided with the right time and had nothing to do with Wang Guan. If things change over time, what you have learned in the past will become useless. Therefore, the rising philosopher is a new sign. It should be admitted that Hu Shi's analysis is more reasonable than Zhang Taiyan's exposition.
Of course, Hu Shi did not completely obliterate Zhang's research results. In his famous article On Confucianism, he pointed out that Mr. Taiyan made great contributions to the study of the origin of Confucianism. As a result of his analysis of names, class names and private names, especially his first viewpoint of different appellations in ancient and modern times, we know three different ways of using the term "Confucianism" by ancient people and its historical evolution from wide to narrow.
Change the process. He said? Mr. quot Taiyan's great contribution lies in letting us know that the meaning of the word "Confucianism" has undergone a historic change, from "Confucianism" in a broad sense including all alchemists to "Confucianism" in a narrow sense defined by the founders of the Charter Yao Shun and Zhong Ni. Although this is the creation of Mr. Taiyan, it is completely established on the whole. "So, about the discussion of the origin of Confucianism, Hu Shi thinks that we should advance on the basis of Zhang Taiyan's academic achievements anyway.
But Hu Shi did not agree with Zhang Taiyan's conclusion. He thought that Zhang's statement, now it seems, still has room for revision. The materials used by the Zhang family are basically from the Qin and Han dynasties, which seems to be insufficient to explain the origin of Confucianism, when they originated and how their living conditions are. Therefore, Hu Shi continued to explore on the basis of Zhang's research results, and concluded that Confucianism was the priest of Yin people's ritual education, and they continued to maintain the religious rituals of Yin people under very difficult political conditions. But after six or seven hundred years of development and change, most of them have become teachers, and their occupation is still mourning, ceremony and teaching. However, their moral standards have gradually spread to the ruling class, and the children of nobles from all over the world have learned from them; They were greeted not only by dignitaries of various countries, but also by the monarch of Qilu and Wei. This is Confucianism in a broad sense. Confucianism is a teacher of ancient religions. Besides mourning, they have to do other religious affairs. Obviously, in Hu Shi's concept, the occupation of Confucianism is somewhat similar to that of a priest in Christianity.
Contemporary scholars are very controversial about this paper by Hu Shi. Tang Degang and other supporters call it not only the academic peak of Hu Shi, but also the most brilliant period in the history of modern culture in China, the so-called peak in the 1930s. In the annotation of Hu Shi's Oral Autobiography, he wrote that Hu Shi's articles are epoch-making works in the modernization process of China's traditional studies, no matter from which angle. Hu Shi regarded Confucianism before Confucius as a priest of Judaism and an imam of Islam. This view is unique and has a world cultural vision. It is impossible for a master in the Ganga era to have such an imagination. Later, I couldn't see the quintessence of the older generation here. Opponents, such as Guo Moruo, think that Hu Shi's research results are not credible in refuting Confucianism on the grounds that Hu Shi's research attitude is so-called formulaic and typical conceptualism. Feng Youlan also discussed some of Hu Shi's main viewpoints in The Original Confucianism and Mohism. He said, "According to our point of view, the rise of Confucianism began after the collapse of aristocratic politics, that is, when the so-called' officials lost their vigilance'. Mr Hu's views on Confucianism and Confucius are somewhat the same as those of scholars in modern literature. Some of our views are the same as those of China classical scholars. The so-called Confucians are knowledgeable and learned experts; They are scattered among the people, thinking that people teach each other for a living. At this point, Mr. Hu's view is completely consistent with ours. The difference between us and Mr. Hu is that Mr. Hu believes that these experts were "enslaved and scattered among the people" after the death of Yin Shang. We think these experts are expensive.
After the collapse of national politics, experts who used to be officials lost their jobs and scattered among the people, or knowledgeable nobles lived on knowledge because of poverty. This is the main difference between us and Mr. Hu. "Hu shi's conclusion is correct or not. However, his positioning of the professional nature of Confucianism seems to be more convincing than Zhang Taiyan's "helping the monarch to realize Yin and Yang" and more in line with the classic explanation in Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "Confucianism, softness and warlock". From people, you need sound. " Because we know that China people have always attached importance to the concept of death and the form of funeral, and it is this extensive social demand that has created a special social class or occupation. As early as the late Neolithic period, there were usually hematite-containing powders and decorations used by the deceased before his death next to the bone fossils of cavemen. This shows that, at least at this time, China people already have a fairly mature concept of funeral.
The above is the information.
Confucianism means more than Confucianism.