1. Bamboo paper Bamboo paper is the most commonly used paper in ancient books. Bamboo paper is the worst of several kinds of paper commonly used in Ming and Qing dynasties except earthenware paper. Bamboo paper appeared in the late Tang Dynasty, but it didn't become popular until the Song Dynasty. Bamboo paper is made from the whole bamboo through dozens of processes. Paper-making in China started from flax rags, and then developed into paper-making with bark fibers, which is a great progress in paper-making, while the development from bark fibers to paper-making with whole stalks is another great progress, and paper has been widely promoted by reducing costs. However, most of the books used in the Song Dynasty handed down today were made of hemp paper, mainly because bamboo paper was fragile, while the good books at that time were all brushed with hemp paper. Most of the ancient books of Ming and Qing dynasties circulating in the market now are made of bamboo paper. As far as the properties of paper are concerned, 2. Tibetan scripture paper: a kind of paper used by Tang people to write scriptures. It is yellow-brown, brown-like, slightly cotton-like, thick and hard, and opaque. 3. Wool paper: The color is beige, so it is also called yellow paper. The front is bright, the back is slightly astringent, the texture is slightly brittle, the toughness is slightly poor, and the firmness is not as good as Taishilian paper. "Chang Zhi Draft" says: "The paper used in Hidden Lake was specially made in Jiangxi at the age of, and the thick one is called raw edge, and the thin one is called raw edge, hence the name." However, according to the textual research of the Origin of Woodcut in China, Ming Silian's paper-making name has the name of "raw edge", but it didn't start in the late Ming Dynasty, but was named after Golden Hair. After the Qing Dynasty, except Taishilian paper and cotton paper, a large part of the paper used for printing books was printed with wool paper. 4. Cotton paper: Actually, it is a kind of rice paper. Liu Ji Lian Mian made by Wang Liuji is white as jade, even and delicate, soft and tough, and is often used to copy and expand inscriptions and Yi vessels. In the late Qing Dynasty, cotton paper was also used to print more exquisite books. 5. Official page stacking: yellow is slightly thicker than fringed paper, and Jinling Bookstore is often used to print books. 6. Wool paper: It is similar to wool paper in color, slightly inferior in texture, small in paper width, different in thickness and obvious in straight lines. During the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, many books were printed with this paper. 7. White tissue paper: Printing books on white tissue paper is a major feature of Ming dynasty prints, especially during the period from Zhengde to Wanli. The Book of Understanding Cotton Paper is close to the name of a good book in Ming Dynasty, and collectors should cherish it. It has always been thought that white cotton paper is made of cotton cocoons, but through the detection of modern scientific methods, it is known that white cotton paper is actually a kind of paper. 8. Leather paper: Leather paper is paper made of paper skin and mulberry skin. Originated in the Tang Dynasty, due to the high production cost of leather paper, generally fine books are printed with leather paper. The main reason is that the leather paper is tough, moth-proof, whiter and smoother than hemp paper, and some leather paper also adds some hemp material in the production process, so with the naked eye, sometimes it looks like hemp paper. For example, the Collection of Mr. Changli collected by Liao Ying in the mid-Southern Song Dynasty was traditionally called white linen paper, but it was actually white mulberry paper. In the Ming Dynasty, the official engraving books mainly used leather paper and white cotton paper, so from the collection point of view, most of all leather books are good books. This is a simple method for beginners. 9. Taishilian paper: slightly yellower than Hua Kai paper, with fine and even texture, softness and toughness. During the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, there were two kinds of paper used in the temple edition of Ancient and Modern Books Collection, one was Hua Kai paper, and the other was Taishilian paper. 10, Hua Kai paper: Hua Kai paper is also called "Peach Blossom Paper", mainly because white paper often has a little yellowish halo, such as pink. Hua Kai paper was produced in the middle and late Ming Dynasty and was very popular in Qing Dynasty. Almost all the temple books were printed with this paper, which gradually disappeared after Jiaqing. Because the paper is white and delicate, thin and tough, and well carved, the printed book can really be called black and white. In the early years of the Republic of China, Xiang Tao's special collection was Hua Kai paper, which earned him the nickname "Peach Blossom". Because the output of Hua Kai paper is very small, it is rarely used by the people except temple books. Hua Kai paper is the most precious paper in Qing Dynasty, because it is delicate, extremely white, with inconspicuous cords. Although paper is thin and tough, it is soft and lovely, and it feels soft and tough. This kind of paper was used in the books published in the palaces of Shunzhi, Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties in the Qing Dynasty, as well as in the books carved by Yangzhou Poetry Bureau.