『一』How to make a handwritten newspaper of the historical starry sky
Make a dynasty song (if it is Chinese history), make a few historical stories, and combine China’s primitive, ancient and modern times ( These three periods are very representative) Each section will have a section to introduce it~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
『二』 About Handwritten newspaper pictures of celestial bodies
1 Handwritten newspaper materials
The birth of the universe
The universe we observe now has more than 10 billion lights on its boundary Year. It is composed of many galaxies. The Earth is an ordinary planet in the solar system, and the solar system is an ordinary star in the Milky Way. How did the stars, planets, comets, galaxies, etc. we observe come into being?
The cosmology theory holds that the universe we observe was concentrated in a very small, extremely hot and extremely dense singularity in its early stages of development. Between 15 billion and 20 billion years ago, the Big Bang occurred at the singularity, which began the history of the birth of our universe.
0.01 second after the original Big Bang, the temperature of the universe was approximately 100 billion degrees. The main forms of matter are electrons, photons, and neutrinos. After that, the material diffuses rapidly and the temperature decreases rapidly. One second after the big bang, it dropped to 10 billion degrees. 14 seconds after the big bang, the temperature was about 3 billion degrees. After 35 seconds, at 300 million degrees, chemical elements begin to form. The temperature continues to drop and atoms continue to form. The universe is filled with gas clouds. Under the influence of gravity, they formed star systems, which then evolved over a long period of time to become today's universe.
The sum total of material phenomena. In a broad sense, it refers to the infinitely diverse and eternally developing material world, and in a narrow sense, it refers to the largest celestial body system that can be observed in a certain era. The latter is often called the observable universe, our universe, which is now equivalent to the "total galaxy" in astronomy.
In February 2003, NASA announced to the world their research results on the age of the universe. According to its published information, the age of the universe should be 13.7 billion years old. In November 2003, an international astrophysics research group announced that the exact age of the universe should be 14.1 billion years old. The earth was formed approximately 4.5 billion years ago.
Etymological investigation The earliest use of the word universe in ancient Chinese books is "Zhuangzi·Equality of Things". The meaning of "Yu" includes all directions, such as all locations from east to west, north to south. "Cosmos" includes the past, present, day, and night, that is, all different specific times. Shi Jiao in the late Warring States period said: "The four directions above and below are called Yu, and the past and present are called Universe." "Yu" refers to space, "Zhou" refers to time, and "Universe" is the unity of time and space. Later, the word "universe" was used to refer to the entire objective reality world. Concepts equivalent to the universe include "Heaven and Earth", "Cosmos", "Liuhe", etc., but these concepts only refer to the spatial aspect of the universe. The word "zhouhe" in "Guanzi" refers to time and "he" (i.e. "Liuhe") refers to space, which is closest to the concept of "universe".
In the West, the word universe is called co***os in English, кocMoc in Russian, ko***os in German, and co***os in French. They are all derived from the Greek κoσμoζ. The ancient Greeks believed that the creation of the universe produced order from chaos. The original meaning of κoσμoζ is order. But the word more commonly used to mean "universe" in English is universe. This word is related to universitas. In the Middle Ages, a group of people acting together in the same direction toward the same goal was called a universitas. In the broadest sense, universitas also refers to the unified whole composed of all ready-made things, that is, the universe. Universe and co***os often mean the same thing, but the difference is that the former emphasizes the sum of material phenomena, while the latter emphasizes the structure or structure of the entire universe.
The development of the concept of the universe The development of the concept of the structure of the universe In ancient times, people's understanding of the structure of the universe was in a very naive state. They usually made naive speculations about the structure of the universe based on their living environment. During the Western Zhou Dynasty in China, people living on the land of China put forward the early theory of sky-gap, which believed that the sky was like a pot, upside down on the flat earth; later it developed into the later theory of sky-gap, which believed that the shape of the earth was also arched. . In the 7th century BC, the Babylonians believed that the sky and the earth were arched, with the earth surrounded by oceans and mountains in the center. The ancient Egyptians imagined the universe as a large box with the sky as the lid, the earth as the bottom, and the Nile River in the center of the earth. Ancient Indians imagined that the disk-shaped earth was carried on several elephants, and the elephants stood on the backs of huge turtles. At the end of the 7th century BC, Thales of ancient Greece believed that the earth was a huge disk floating on the water. , covered with an arched sky.
The first people to realize that the earth is spherical were the ancient Greeks. In the 6th century BC, Pythagoras started from the concept of aesthetics and believed that the most beautiful of all three-dimensional figures was the sphere. He advocated that both the celestial bodies and the earth we live on are spherical.
This concept was inherited by many ancient Greek scholars later, but it was not until 1519-1522, when F. Magellan of Portugal led an expedition to complete the first circumnavigation of the world that the concept that the earth was spherical was finally confirmed.
In the 2nd century AD, C. Ptolemy proposed a complete geocentric theory. This theory holds that the earth is motionless in the center of the universe, and that the moon, sun, planets, and the outermost stars are all revolving around the earth at different speeds. In order to explain the uneven apparent motion of the planet, he also believed that the planet rotates around its center on an epicycle, and the center of the epicycle rotates around the earth along the deferent wheel. The geocentric theory has been circulating in Europe for more than 1,000 years. In 1543, N. Copernicus proposed the scientific heliocentric theory, which believed that the sun was located at the center of the universe and the earth was an ordinary planet orbiting the sun in a circular orbit. In 1609, J. Kepler revealed that the earth and the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits, developing Copernicus' heliocentric theory. In the same year, G. Galileo took the lead in observing the sky with a telescope and confirmed the heliocentric theory with a large number of observational facts. correctness. In 1687, I. Newton proposed the law of universal gravitation, which profoundly revealed the mechanical reasons for the movement of planets around the sun, giving the heliocentric theory a solid mechanical foundation. After that, people gradually established a scientific concept of the solar system.
2 Handwritten newspaper material
In Copernicus’s image of the universe, stars are just points of light located in the outermost star sky. In 1584, G. Bruno boldly canceled this layer of stellar sky and believed that the stars were all distant suns. In the first half of the 18th century, due to E. Halley's development of the proper motion of stars and J. Bradley's scientific estimation of the distant distances of stars, Bruno's speculation gained more and more support. In the mid-18th century, T. Wright, I. Kant and J.H. Lambert speculated that the stars and the Milky Way all over the sky constitute a huge celestial system. F.W. Herschel pioneered the method of sampling statistics and used a telescope to count the number of stars in a large number of selected areas in the sky and the ratio of bright stars to dark stars. In 1785, he first obtained a flat and uneven outline with the sun in the center. The structure diagram of the Milky Way, thus laying the foundation for the concept of the Milky Way. In the next century and a half, H. Shapley discovered that the sun is not at the center of the Milky Way, J.H. Oort discovered the rotation and spiral arms of the Milky Way, and many people measured the diameter and thickness of the Milky Way, and the scientific concept of the Milky Way was finally established. .
In the mid-18th century, Kant and others also proposed that there are countless celestial systems like ours (referring to the Milky Way) in the entire universe. The "nebula" that looked like a cloud at that time was probably just such a celestial system. After that, it went through a tortuous exploration process that lasted for 170 years. It was not until 1924 that E.P. Hubble confirmed the existence of extragalactic galaxies using the Cepheid parallax method to measure the distance to the Andromeda Nebula and other galaxies.
In the past half century, through the study of extragalactic galaxies, people have not only discovered higher-level celestial systems such as galaxy clusters and supergalaxy clusters, but also expanded our field of vision to as far as 20 billion lights years deep in the universe.
The development of the concept of cosmic evolution in China, as early as the Western Han Dynasty, "Huainanzi Chu Zhenxun" pointed out: "There is a beginning, there is a beginning, there is a beginning, there is a beginning, there is a beginning, and there is a beginning. "The world has its opening, the period before its opening, and the period before its opening." "Huainanzi Tianwen Xun" also specifically outlines the process of the world from the invisible material state to the chaotic state to the creation and evolution of everything in the heaven and earth. In ancient Greece, there was a similar view. For example, Leucippus proposed that due to the vortex motion of atoms in empty space, light matter escaped into the external void, while the remaining matter formed spherical celestial bodies, thus forming our world.
After the concept of the solar system was established, people began to explore the origin of the solar system from a scientific perspective. In 1644, R. Descartes proposed the vortex theory of the origin of the solar system; in 1745, G.L.L. Buffon proposed a theory of the origin of the solar system that resulted from the collision of a large comet with the sun; in 1755 and 1796, Kant and Rapp Lars each proposed a nebular theory of the origin of the solar system. The modern neonebula theory that explores the origin of the solar system was developed on the basis of the Kant-Laplace nebula theory.
In 1911, E. Hertzsprung established the first color-magnitude diagram of the Milky Way star cluster; in 1913, H.N. Russell drew the spectral-luminosity diagram of stars, the Hertz-Rubber diagram. After obtaining this diagram, Russell proposed a stellar evolution theory in which a star starts from a red giant star, first shrinks into the main sequence, then slides down the main sequence, and finally becomes a red dwarf star. In 1924, A.S. Eddington proposed the mass-light relationship of stars; from 1937 to 1939, C.F. Weizsacker and Bethe revealed that the energy of stars comes from the nuclear reaction of hydrogen fusion into helium. These two discoveries led to the denial of Russell's theory and the birth of the scientific theory of stellar evolution. The study of the origin of galaxies started relatively late. It is currently generally believed that they evolved from proto-galaxies in the later stages of the formation of our universe.
In 1917, A. Albert Einstein used his newly created general theory of relativity to establish a "static, finite, and unbounded" universe model, laying the foundation for modern cosmology.
In 1922, G.D. Friedman discovered that, according to Albert Einstein's field equations, the universe was not necessarily static; it could be expanding or oscillating. The former corresponds to the open universe, and the latter corresponds to the closed universe. In 1927, G. Lema?tre also proposed an expanding universe model. In 1929, Hubble discovered that the red shift of a galaxy is proportional to its distance, establishing the famous Hubble's law. This discovery is strong support for the expanding universe model. In the middle of the 20th century, G. Gamov and others proposed the hot big bang universe model. They also predicted that according to this model, low-temperature background radiation should be observed in the universe. The discovery of microwave background radiation in 1965 confirmed the predictions of Gamow et al. Since then, many people have regarded the Big Bang model of the universe as the standard model of the universe. In 1980, Guth of the United States further proposed the inflationary universe model based on the hot big bang universe model. This model can explain most of the important observations currently known.
3 Handwritten newspaper materials
Picture of the Universe Contemporary astronomy research results show that the universe is a celestial system with a hierarchical structure, diverse material forms, and constant movement and development.
Hierarchy Planets are the most basic celestial system. There are eight planets in the solar system: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Except for Mercury and Venus, other planets have satellites orbiting them. The Earth has one satellite, the moon, and Saturn has the most satellites, with 17 confirmed. Planets, asteroids, comets and meteoroids all revolve around the central celestial body, the sun, and form the solar system. The sun accounts for 99.86% of the total mass of the solar system, and its diameter is about 1.4 million kilometers. The diameter of the largest planet, Jupiter, is about 140,000 kilometers. The size of the solar system is approximately 12 billion kilometers. There is evidence that other planetary systems exist outside our solar system. 250 billion stars similar to the sun and interstellar matter constitute a larger celestial system - the Milky Way. Most of the stars and interstellar matter in the Milky Way are concentrated in an oblate spherical space, which looks like a "discus" when viewed from the side and viewed from the front
"三" Handwritten newspaper about the universe
The vast universe has been the most fascinating place for mankind since ancient times. The vastness of the universe is still difficult for ordinary people to imagine. The sun, which is the source of all our energy and gives us the basis of all life, is already huge compared to our perceptual understanding, but it is just a drop in the ocean compared to the universe we have observed today.
Since ancient times, the endless land beneath our feet has been a place where people feel flat, heavy, solid and safe. Cosmic science is a history of surpassing people's sense of solidity step by step. Every new discovery is accompanied by people's sense of surprise and disbelief. Almost every problem is solved, and more challenging problems are drawn from relevant evidence. new problems. In order to obtain this knowledge, human beings have gone through centuries of hard work. Every achievement is a ladder to further progress, and every discovery of a difficult problem is a challenge to intelligence... The development process of cosmic science is not only full of the charm of reason and logic, but also leaves endless space for human imagination.
1. Understand the universe
It took a long time for human beings to realize that the earth under our feet is a sphere. Where should the earth, a sphere, be placed in the universe? At first, people placed it in the center of the universe. Later, a man named Paradoshi discovered that some of the stars in the sky were moving - people called them planets, and correspondingly, the motionless stars were called fixed stars. So people said that the moon, sun, planets and all stars in the sky move in circular orbits around the earth. Ptolemy was the first to use mathematical methods to determine the relationship between the earth and the planets, and gave a quantitative description of the picture of the universe in the minds of the ancient Greeks. This picture later became the theoretical basis of Christian theology. It was not until Copernicus published "On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres" in 1543 that the earth was moved away from the center of the universe. In Copernicus' system, the earth is no longer the center of the universe, but rotates around the sun in a perfect circular orbit like other planets.
Before the 17th century, people had always relied on the naked eye to observe elephants, and used some simple measurement instruments to study celestial bodies, mainly the sun, the moon, and the five planets that could be seen with the naked eye. The Chinese used the five elements of metal, wood, water, fire, and earth that they were familiar with, and the ancient Greeks and Romans named these planets after their familiar gods. In 1610, Galileo invented the astronomical telescope, which broadened people's horizons and allowed them to see new pictures of the universe that could not be seen with the naked eye.
The period from the 18th century to the first half of the 19th century was a period of great development in modern astronomy. During this period, a complete theory of the movement of large planets, the Earth and comets was established, and some new planets, planetary satellites and Asteroids, and expanded the field of observation from the solar system to other star systems in the Milky Way. In the second half of the 19th century, astronomers introduced some new theories and methods in physics at that time into the study of celestial bodies, creating astrophysics, and this began the stage of modern astronomy.
After entering the 20th century, great progress has been made in both astrophysics theory and celestial observation methods.
In the field of traditional optical astronomy, with the emergence of reflecting astronomical telescopes, the limitations of refractive astronomical telescopes in the 19th century have been changed, and the aperture of astronomical telescopes has continued to increase. The 1.5-meter mirror appeared in 1908, the 2.5-meter mirror appeared in 1918, the 5-meter mirror appeared in 1948, and the 6-meter mirror appeared in 1976. In 1993, the giant astronomical telescope with a diameter of 10 meters came out, bringing people's vision to a new level. for the distant universe.
In 1932, American engineer Jansky discovered cosmic radio waves coming from the center of the Milky Way. Later, these radio waves were called cosmic rays. He thus discovered a new way to understand the universe and founded the Radio astronomy. The improvement of means is the prerequisite for the development of astronomy. The emergence of radio telescopes has shown the universe in all bands to human vision, allowing humans to understand some celestial objects and substances that cannot be understood based on visible light, such as supernova traces, quasars, pulsars, interstellar Molecular and microwave background radiation, etc.
Beginning in the 1960s, human exploration of the universe was no longer limited to the earth. In 1962, an American sounding rocket carried an X-ray detector that flew 150 kilometers away from the earth and discovered that it could not be received on the earth's surface. The strong X-rays from the universe ushered in the era of space astronomy. In June 1998, the U.S. space shuttle Discoverer carried the alpha magnetic spectrometer developed with the participation of Chinese scientists in an attempt to search for antimatter in the universe.
2. The structure of the universe
●Grade distribution and isotropy
The universe is the largest research object in natural science. Human beings have already understood more and more about the universe. Come with more and more knowledge. This knowledge contains what may be necessary for some scientific explanation of the universe and the establishment of a certain model; it has allowed us to rationally infer the origin of the universe within the measurable range and the future of the universe in the not-too-distant period; it has allowed us to The ability to launch earth satellites and intersolar probes that serve various purposes has allowed us to scientifically search for intelligent life partners in the universe...
Our current basic understanding of the universe Yes: In a relatively small space and time, the matter in the universe is gathered into stars, galaxies, galaxy clusters, super galaxy clusters, super super galaxy clusters... The universe is uniform and isotropic as a whole. The universe has no center. The laws of the universe seen by observers of any typical galaxy are the same.
『四』Can the handwritten newspaper be attached to the starry sky paper?
The handwritten newspaper can be attached to the starry sky purple paper, but it is difficult to tear it off after renting it. And they must be connected correctly at the end of the year
"五" Handwritten newspaper pictures of the Mystery of Life in the Universe
The text "The Mystery of Life in the Universe" can be divided into the following three parts:
Part One (1): It writes that whether there is life outside the earth has always been an attractive question from ancient times to the present.
Part Two (2-8): First briefly explain and theoretically speculate that the earth is by no means the only celestial body with life, and then introduce in detail the process of scientists' exploration.
Part Three (9-10): People have not found life outside the earth so far, but they still believe that life exists and have been exploring the mystery of life in the universe.
『Lu』 Our teacher asked us to write a handwritten newspaper with the theme of the starry sky. What should we do? Can you give me some material pictures and the like? Urgent
『淒 』 A handwritten newspaper that keeps one's feet on the ground and looks up at the stars. Just content, not too much. Urgent, urgent.
Man is actually a tree that can move around. Only by holding on to the ground can we control our breathing; only by looking up to the sky can we continuously improve our realm. When looking up, remember the land beneath your feet; when looking down, remember the blue sky.
Be good at looking up, making your goals clear, and letting your eyes penetrate the clouds of reality. Although Sima Qian was tortured and humiliated, he devoted himself to the "Historical Records" left behind, and finally became famous and praised throughout the ages; Kongming lived in a thatched cottage and gained an insight into the world's situation, and finally showed his talents to Liu Bei after he visited the thatched cottage three times to help Liu Shu; Cao Xueqin's family fell into decline, but he was The world has left behind the literary masterpiece "A Dream of Red Mansions". Without Sima Qian's heart-breaking toil, without Zhuge Liang's years of accumulated hard work, without Cao Xueqin's sweat of "reading for ten years, adding and deleting five times", how could he have fulfilled his words and fulfilled his ambitions and become famous for generations! Looking up, you will get the beautiful scenery and the "longing for the future" "Clear ambition"; being good at looking down and being down-to-earth is the foundation for looking up and the foundation for success.
Be willing to keep your eyes on the bottom and keep your feet on the ground. The process of struggle is also full of joy, and hard work is often pleasurable. A drop of water can penetrate a stone, because water sees a stubborn stone, so it strikes at it day after day; pearls come from the painful tempering of the clam. When they are tempered, the clam sees the vision, so they are willing to endure the painful pain. . Focus on the low, keep your feet on the ground, and should not give up the longing for the high. Struggle without longing is blind.
"Eight" Science tabloid, text and pictures for exploring the universe
If it is simpler, you can simply talk about the stars in the solar system, and then introduce some basic star knowledge.
For example, the sun has a surface temperature of 6,000 degrees Celsius and a core temperature of 10,000 degrees Celsius. It is a middle-aged star that is 6 billion years old. In another 6 billion years, it will become a red giant and expand rapidly. , swallowing up the surrounding planets. Let’s introduce galaxies again. Known extragalactic galaxies, such as the Andromeda Galaxy, were first thought to be a nebula. Later, after research, they were discovered to be a galaxy, just like the Milky Way. Then briefly introduce the order of the eight planets. You can introduce Jupiter. The temperature of Jupiter has been rising over the past few billion years. Research has found that it is absorbing heat from the sun and may reach the temperature of thermonuclear reactions in the future and begin to glow and heat on its own. , become a new sun. Let’s introduce Venus again: the surface temperature reaches 500 degrees Celsius, which is because the surface atmosphere contains 95% carbon dioxide. The greenhouse effect is very serious, warning us to protect the earth. Finally, let’s introduce the future of the earth: the Milky Way will collide with the Andromeda Galaxy in three billion years, and at that time, the earth will be smashed into pieces. Halley's Comet, which orbits the sun every 76-78 years, will visit the Earth in the 1960s. Just briefly introduce an asteroid or a certain planet. (You can delete some)
"Nine" How to write a handwritten newspaper about the autumn starry sky
A handwritten newspaper about the autumn starry sky
"Shi" About the success of the universe Transcript
Material: From a philosophical point of view. People believe that the universe has no beginning, no end, and is infinite. However, we do not intend to discuss this profound concept in depth, leaving it to philosophers. We might as well narrow our horizons and talk about the universe that can be understood and observed using our current science and technology. People call it "our universe" or "the total galaxy." Judging from the latest observational data, the farthest galaxy that has been observed is 13 billion light-years away from us. In other words, if a beam of light is emitted from the galaxy at a speed of 300,000 kilometers per second, it will take 13 billion years to reach the earth, which of course was emitted 13 billion years ago. This 13 billion light-year distance is the extent of the universe as we know it today (2009). To be clear, the scope, or size, of the universe as we know it today is a spherical space with the Earth as the center and a radius of 13 billion light-years. Of course, the earth is not really the center of the universe, and the universe may not be a sphere. We can only understand it to this extent due to our current observation capabilities. In this spherical space with a radius of 13 billion light years, there are approximately 125 billion galaxies that have been discovered and observed so far, and each galaxy has hundreds to trillions of stars like the sun. So just by doing a simple math problem, you can easily understand how many stars there are in the universe that we have observed. In such a vast universe, the earth is really like a drop in the ocean, insignificant. Astronomers, like us, have long wanted to know just how big the universe is. Recently, the American Space Network reported that after painstaking calculations, astronomers discovered that the universe is unusually large, with a length of at least 156 billion light-years. "Such a discovery about the size of the universe is obviously based on the premise that the universe is spherical and finite. This hypothesis was first proposed by Einstein." Chen Daming, a researcher at the National Astronomical Observatory of China, said in an exclusive interview with reporters Shi said, "For a long time, there has been a debate in the field of cosmology research about whether the universe is spherical, saddle-shaped, or flat." Zhang Tongjie, associate professor at Beijing Normal University, said: "International mainstream cosmology generally believes that the universe is flat. , is infinite." So where does the controversy surrounding the universe come from? What's the rationale? One of the most common views is that the universe was born after the Big Bang. "According to the Big Bang theory, the most influential theory in modern cosmology, our universe was created by the explosion of a very small point about 13.7 billion years ago, and the universe is still expanding." Researcher Chen Daming said, "This theory has been Confirmed by a large number of astronomical observations. "This theory believes that in the early days of the universe, the temperature was very high. As the universe expanded, the temperature began to decrease, and neutrons, protons, and electrons were produced. After that, these basic particles formed various elements. These material particles attracted and merged with each other to form larger and larger clumps. These clumps gradually evolved into galaxies, stars, planets, and even appeared on individual celestial bodies. Phenomenon of life, human beings who can understand the universe were finally born. The universe is spherical, finite and boundless? “The view that the universe is spherical has existed for a long time, although it is not the mainstream in the international cosmological community.” Chen Daming said, “Every time it is proposed, it attracts people’s attention because this view is very strange. "One of the most obvious examples is the model of the universe constructed not long ago by the American mathematician Jeffrey Weeks: a mirror maze of limited size and shaped like a football. The "football-shaped" model shocked the scientific community because this theory claims that the reason why the universe gives people the "illusion" of being boundless is because this limited space reflects itself infinitely through the "return" effect. Weeks believes that the reason why people feel that the universe is infinite is because the universe is like a mirror maze, with light passing back and forth, causing people to mistakenly believe that the universe is stretching infinitely. This astonishing inference was later included in the magazine "New Scientist" and was widely circulated among the people as a "fantasy".
//ke./view/2496 In fact, hand-written newspapers are very simple, mainly drawing.