2. Preface and postscript are the preface or postscript of a book (or an article). Preface (preface) is the general preface, which is placed in front of the book; The postscript is placed at the back of the book, which is the preface. The ancient order was left behind. Some people think that "Under Zhuangzi" is the preface of "Zhuangzi". As for "A Brief Introduction to Huainan Zi", "Lun Heng" and "Historical Records Biography", it is more obvious that they are all prefaces, all at the back of the book. The narrative of Shuo Wen Jie Zi is also behind. Later, like Xiao Tong's Selected Works, the preface was moved to the front.
3. The recitation category is a letter written by courtiers to the emperor, including chapter table and recitation. "Wen Xin Diao Zhang Long Biao" says: "Zhang Xie, Zhang Xie, Zhang Xie, Zhang Xie, Zhang Xie, Zhang Xie, Xie Chen, Zhang Xie." It can be seen that in ancient times (Han dynasty), there were differences between the four; Then it gradually became less different. In addition, there are thinning, writing and sealing. The original intention of sparseness is to explain things one by one, and sealing is to prevent leakage, which is a secret commemoration.
Countermeasures (strategies for short) are a subsidiary category of commemoration. "Wen Xin Diao Yi Long Dui" said: "The countermeasures should be ordered by Zheng Chen." This is the title of the emperor, written on the bamboo slips, called the policy question; The applicant states his opinions according to the topic, which is called countermeasures. Chao Cuo and Dong Zhongshu were both famous strategists in Han Dynasty.
4. The category of book words includes books and words. Books refer to ordinary letters, mostly what tourists say to people in other countries.
5. Preface is a special style. The ancients had a so-called "gift". It was not until the early Tang Dynasty that giving words became a style called "preface". Han Yu made the most gifts and was considered the best.
6. Imperial edicts are letters written by the emperor to officials. Letters and letters were originally letters, but because the supreme ruler in feudal times was considered different from ordinary people, the letter written by courtiers to the emperor was called letters, and the letter written by the emperor to courtiers was called letters.
The documents issued by the emperor include "system" and "patent". I don't need to elaborate here.
Xi is an accessory to the imperial edict. It is used to preach or condemn evil. Ba, not necessarily from the emperor; Sometimes it may be that the enemy countries denounce each other, or it may be the so-called "thieves". Because there are few just wars in feudal society, people who attack each other are often birds of a feather, and the so-called arrogance is often unreasonable or fabricating facts.
7. Biography is an article describing personal life stories, generally describing the deeds of the deceased. Pass refers to pass, and form refers to line. Biography comes from Historical Records and Hanshu. Take Historical Records for example, Biography of Xiang Yu, Family of Confucius, Biographies of Hou Huaiyin and Biographies of Hou Wei An should all belong to biographies (Note: Yao Nai thought that official biographies were not biographies, so the ancient literary genre only accepted Biographies of Widow Wang Chengfu by Han Yu. This is wrong. )。 Linearity is also called line description, line outline and object outline. The statement was originally intended to provide a courtesy official to negotiate the posthumous title of the deceased or to provide a biography for historians. In addition, people are asked to write epitaphs and forms (see below), and they often provide lines. Some lines are actually a good biography, and Liu Zongyuan's "Anecdote of Duan Taiwei" is a famous biography (Note: Xu Shizeng's "Style Discrimination" says: "Anecdotes are recorded, but they have been recorded, so they don't need to be detailed, and they are also variations in form." )。
Legendary novels, such as Biography of Huo Xiaoyu, Biography of Li Wa and Biography of Yingying, etc. , can be classified as biography.
8. Epitaphs include epitaphs and epitaphs. The scope of the inscription is quite wide. There are inscriptions on Zen Buddhism and Jigong, such as the inscription on Mount Tai by Qin Shihuang, the inscription on Yanshan by Ban Gu, and the inscription on Pinghuai West by Han Yu. There are inscriptions on temples, bridges and other buildings, such as Wang Jianqi's inscription on Toutuo Temple and Han Yu's inscription on Nanhai Temple. In addition, there is a tombstone that records the deeds of the deceased before his death, and there is an inscription (rhyme) at the end of the text. In feudal times, the tombstones of big officials were all on the road in front of the tomb (Shinto), so they were called tombstones, and those with low levels were set up. There is no difference in the style of the monument, but the shape of the monument itself is different (note: the four-year monument system of the Six Classics of the Tang Dynasty says: "The monument with more than five products is built, and the first turtle (the first board of the monument is a turtle-shaped pedestal) is only nine feet high. More than seven products are erected, and the height of the first side of the mound (the mound is arched like a dove, and the pedestal side) is not more than four feet. When you talk about learning in secret, filial piety will be heard, although it is not an official. " In the Ming dynasty, the tombstone stood above the three products. )。 There is also a kind of tomb table, which can be set by whether the deceased is an official or not. The tomb table also stands on Shinto, so it is also called Shinto table. There is generally no inscription (rhyme) on the tomb table.
Epitaph (epitaph) is also a record of the deeds of the deceased. Generally, there are two square stones, one with a cover under it, the other with an inscription and a title (the epitaph of a certain official and someone). It was buried in the tomb when it was buried. It is said that it is to guard against the changes in the valley so that future generations can identify it, so it was later called burial inscription, inscription, inscription and so on.
9. Miscellaneous notes include all narratives except biographies and epitaphs. There are carved stones; Some don't carve stones. Stone carvings, such as Liu Zongyuan's "Tang Xinji, Weizheng County, Yongzhou"; Not carved stone, such as Liu Zongyuan's landscape travel notes. The characteristics of miscellaneous notes are narrative, but the miscellaneous notes of ancient writers in China in Tang and Song Dynasties are often narrative in the middle. Su Like Zhe's Kuaizai Pavilion and Fan Zhongyan's Yueyang Tower have more discussions than notes.
10. Proverbs and inscriptions are disciplinary articles, mainly for self-warning. Liu Yuxi's Humble Room Inscription belongs to this category.
1 1. Compliments are articles used to praise, generally praising and praising others. Han Yu's Rural School Fu belongs to this category.
12. Cifu is similar to a long poem, which can express feelings and chant things. Unit 12 of this book will be discussed in a special article.
13. Mourning includes mourning and eulogy. Both of them are articles mourning the hanged, but they are eulogies.
As far as content is concerned, it is between epitaph and funeral article. The article "Wen Xin Diao Long Ji Bei" says: "A doctor's material can be used for mourning. The liar is tired; Tired of virtue, it is immortal. " From this point of view, raccoons are like epitaphs, but they can't carve stones. Yan Yannian wrote Historical Records of Zheng Tao, describing Tao Yuanming's virtue. Later, there was not much difference between Ji and funeral.