Once lived in seclusion in the East China Sea. In the fifth year of Zhenguan (AD 63 1 year), Emperor Taizong called him to the capital and called him "Master Xihua". In the 4th year of Yonghui (AD 653), Tang Gaozong was demoted to Yuzhou (now Yuntai Mountain, Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province).
Cheng devoted himself to studying Laozi and Zhuangzi, and wrote Preface of Laozi's Tao Te Ching, Yi Shu and Shunan Dialect. He emphasized the thought of "emphasizing metaphysics" in his annotations, and was a representative of the metaphysical school, which made "emphasizing metaphysics" a mainstream of Taoist philosophy in the early Tang Dynasty. Mr. Meng, a modern scholar, said: "In the early Tang Dynasty, Cheng and Li learned Taoism first." (Li is Li Rong) The first person to introduce Chen (Chen Jingyuan) was the Song Dynasty.
main occupation
Cheng's works mainly include Notes on Laozi's Tao Te Ching, Preface, Ce, Yi, etc. The original book has been lost, and the Southern Classic has been handed down from generation to generation.
The jade tactic of Ming Dow's Tibetan Cave God Department is called the name of the envoy, and the truth of virtue is compiled by Xuande, which is a success. Meng's best friend compiled this book, entitled "Lao Zi Cheng Shu", which consists of six volumes. There is also a remnant of Lao Tzu's opening question, which is a mystery. See Dunhuang Secret Book Volume II. The fourth volume of Photocopying of Ancient Books in Mingsha Shishi contains Laozi's Tao Te Ching and Yijing. Luo Zhenyu thinks that it was almost written by Montessori (), while he thinks that this book was written by Cheng. See his book Dunhuang Ancient Books.
basic thought
Cheng expounded and waved "the way of emphasizing metaphysics", which deepened and expanded Taoist philosophy. His thoughts mainly include the following aspects:
1, "Xuan" is the name of "non-stagnation" (Chu Ci, saints don't stick to things), which means "Xuan". He said: "The profound meaning of Xuanzhe is also a timeless name. Whether you have two minds and two wonderful ideas from the same source and have the same name. Different names put together have far-reaching effects. Far-reaching mystery, rational return without delay. There is neither stagnation nor stagnation. Neither of them is stagnant, so it is called mystery. " The so-called emphasis on metaphysics means "paying equal attention to metaphysics and metaphysics": "Those who have desires only keep possession; A person who has no desire is trapped in nothingness. So say a mystery, to send two. I'm afraid of walkers and I'm stuck in this mystery. It's very mysterious today, and it's more effective to get rid of it. Not only is it not stagnant, but it is also not stagnant (not stagnant). This is sent and sent, so it is mysterious. "
2. The names of all tangible things are pseudonyms, and intangible things (such as "Tao" and "nature") cannot be regarded as pseudonyms. Tao is the principle of nature, which makes everything come into being naturally. People's subjective mind and objective things are caused by karma and combination.
3, "Tao" is quiet, and all living beings can practice it, but they must return to their roots to meditate and cultivate, in order to prove the positive results. It is believed that "quietness is the foundation of longevity and impatience is the source of death" and "quietness is inaction and impatience is desire. Life and death have desires, and inaction lasts forever. " Monks should be "calm and calm" and have nothing to ask for. How can we achieve "nothing to desire"? Is to abandon fame and fortune. He said, "Good and evil are forgotten, and the name of punishment is both hands, so you can practice the one-China road, be true in virtue, be open-minded and move with the world." Care about the beauty of health care. "In this way, you can" keep in shape "and" do your own destiny. "
Some scholars simply equate the emphasis on metaphysics with the empty theory and the middle view of the three schools of Buddhism, and simply understand the emphasis on metaphysics as "having something to do" and "having nothing to do", which is influenced by Buddhism as well as Buddhism. This is a misunderstanding, and the emphasis on metaphysics is still within Laozi's philosophy. The so-called "four sentences" in Buddhism are "yes", "nothing", "yes" and "nothing", the so-called "hundred mistakes" means nothing, the so-called "double mistakes" means nothing, and the so-called "double unique" means nothing. Chongxuan's "double sending" is "sending", which is really different. The basis of the middle Taoist view is the so-called "eight noes"; Not born but not destroyed, not constant but not different, not coming and not going, neutral and empty. In the eyes of scholars who attach importance to metaphysics, these Buddhist views are still within the so-called "one metaphysics" of Taoism, and these understandings are still empty, and "no stagnation" and "no stagnation" are just "pre-metaphysics" even in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Ji Zang, three famous eminent monks, absorbed Taoist metaphysical thoughts and Taoist unspeakable thoughts, and further interpreted "two truths" as four realms, which still belong to Taoism.
In Chongxuan's view, Tao is "rooted in itself" and "existed since ancient times", and there is no condition of karma and combination. Therefore, when they say "Tao does not exist", they are actually expressing the meaning that Tao can neither exist nor exist. If not, Tao gives birth to all things, but Tao exists in all things, with shadows and sounds; If there is, then everything disappears and becomes nothingness. However, from the perspective of great knowledge and the New Year, everything has its birth and death, while Tao is beneficial to everything without its life, without relying on its life, long without killing, and endless. It is precisely because Tao is constantly benefiting and constantly generating a universe in which everything will be endless, so only Tao is the real "being". Therefore, everything is nothing but right and wrong; There is nothing, the Tao is nameless, and the Tao cannot be stipulated, breaking through all kinds of differences and restrictions. Therefore, Taoism often uses nothingness or nothingness and nature to represent Tao, but many scholars in modern times misunderstand nothing as nothing. For example, Ge Hong of the Eastern Jin Dynasty said; "Han Tao Gankuo Kun, its nameless. Without it, the impact is still far-reaching; On its existence, everything is still innocent. " Gu Huan in the Southern Dynasties said: "The Tao has its words, but it is colorless and silent, and its words are meaningless. However, it has faith and precision, and its body is uncertain, so it is only vague and senseless." (1) Tang Dynasty Cheng said: "There is no wonder, no trace, no response, no trace, no existence, and no uncertainty, so it is a trance." (2) In the Tang Dynasty, Li Rong said: "The Tao is unfathomable, and if there is nothing, there will be confusion, and if there is something, it will be nothing. There is nothing to return to, nothing to say, something to say, no one, and life and death are uncertain, so it is embarrassing. " ③ ;
It can be seen that the so-called "Tao is nothing" theory of Taoist scholars is by no means to deny the real existence of Tao, but only to oppose the definition of Tao simply by being or not. They believe that from the body of Tao, it is colorless and silent, and there is no specific stipulation, so it cannot be said to be "there"; As far as the use of Tao is concerned, it generally exists and acts on everything, so it cannot be said to be "nothing"-the old saying "nothing is nothing". "Tao is non-existence, non-existence" is only a modifier of Tao with the highest ontology, and this loss of undefined damage aimed at "Tao" proves the existence of "Tao Ben". Metaphysics and Buddhism have almost no similarities on the whole, but there are essential differences.
, Cheng, Li Rong, etc. They all link "nothing" with "just indifference", and Taoist scholars' judgment of "nothing" is an interpretation of Laozi's theory that "Tao is just indifference".
Since the formation of the Metaphysics School represented by Xuan Ying and others, Taoist thought has reached a higher level, which further sublimates the speculative and philosophical nature of Taoism, and its overall quality is not inferior to that of Buddhism.
In addition, "emphasizing metaphysics" also has great enlightenment to the formation of Confucian theory of mind and nature. Li Rong was a famous Taoist scholar in the early Tang Dynasty. Road number, unknown origin. One of the representatives of Taoism in Tang Dynasty. The date of birth and death is unknown, and it happened in Tang Gaozong (650 ~ 683). Meng nearby suspects that he is Cheng's disciple.
all one's life
Historical materials about Li Rong's life are few and far between. Luo Shi's poem "The Female Taoist King gave a Taoist Li Rong" has a saying: "It is easy to be immortal if you talk to yourself." "Burning Dan stopped seven flights on the road, and the fossils in the air turned three times." What he revealed to people about his early life of learning Taoism and some things about his alchemy after penance. He was called, and Lu, a famous poet who worked with him in Shu, gave him a poem: "Jin Jie is an angel, and Qiong Xian drives a gentleman with feathers." Cast a golden green mountain song and lay the foundation stone on the Qingjiang River. The round hole opens the tripod, and the square altar gathers crimson clouds. Treasure is hard to know, but empty songs are easy to separate. The wind shakes the shadow of ten States, and the day is chaotic in Jiujiang. If you are sincere to God, you should be taught to assist Mingjun. " Praise Li Rong's Taoism and literary talent.
After entering Beijing, Li Rong lived in Chang 'an and Luoyang, mainly representing Taoism and Buddhism, and became the "leader of the old religion". In April (658) of the third year of the reign of Emperor Xianqing, Emperor Gaozong called seven monks and seven Taoist priests to discuss righteousness, and Li Rong was one of them. At that time, Li Rong and Hui Li, a monk in Zhien Temple, argued that "the Lord gives birth to everything". ⑤ In 660, the fifth year of Qing Dynasty, Li Rong was famous for emphasizing metaphysics to explain Laozi.
work
Li Rong once commented on Xi Sheng Jing (Zhuangzi is dead), and his main works are Lao Zi Zhu. Du Guangting's Preface to the Virtue of the True Classics and Guang Yi Sheng records that "Li Rong, the son of Ren Zhen, notes the upper and lower volumes"; The History of Song Dynasty and the Records of Art and Literature contain two volumes of Li Rong's Notes on Tao Te Ching. You Maoyi, a poet in the Song Dynasty, wrote Li Rong's Notes on Laozi in the Bibliography of Sui Chutang. Just like the "Ren Zi Ji Zhu" recorded in the second volume of Sun Zilue and Lao Zi Zhu, Li Rong is a Taoist. Li Rong's Notes on Laozi still remains in the collection of orthodox Taoism. Li Rong's Notes on Laozi was published in Dunhuang and is now in the National Library of Paris. In the late 1940s, Meng compiled Li Rong's Notes on Laozi into four volumes according to the collected Taoist scriptures and Dunhuang remnants in Beijing Library and Paris Library, which is said to have basically restored the original appearance of Li Rong's notes. 1947 was published by lithograph of Sichuan Library. Later, Yan Lingfeng also compiled a series of school-based books, which were included in the third letter of the first edition of Lao Zi's Integration without Compiling. The most famous Taoist in Northern Song Dynasty is an important figure of Chen Tuan School, which occupies an important position in the history of Taoism. Chen Jingyuan consciously assumed the responsibility of promoting Taoism all his life. He gave lectures on Laozi and Zhuangzi in Kyoto in the Northern Song Dynasty, corrected Taoist classics, and was diligent in writing, which made great contributions to the development of Taoism. Chen Jingyuan inherited the Taoist philosophy with Lao Zi, Huang Lao Xue and Metaphysics as the main line in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, absorbed the Taoist philosophy of emphasizing Metaphysics, Chen Tuan and Zhang Wumeng, consciously reduced the use of Buddhist terms and contents, and constructed a systematic Taoist philosophy system, including Taoist theory, life theory and governance theory. He is an important scholar who passed on the profound metaphysics of Taoism in the Song Dynasty between Jin and Tang Dynasties.
all one's life
Chen Jingyuan (1024- 1094) is too early (once said, the word space), and the number is finished. Cheng Nan (now Jiangxi) was born in Jianchang. Gao Dao is a famous Taoist scholar in the Northern Song Dynasty and a master of Taoism. Song Shenzong was awarded the title of "Master Zhen Jing". The first year of Song Zhezong's teenage birth (A.D. 1094) soared. Chen Jingyuan once had a great father who knew Xun. His great father, Chen Li, was promoted and failed to be an official. Father Zheng, promoted to scholar, relieved the mountain order, posted high posts, and died of illness. Mother poverty can't return. There are four children, and Chen Jingyuan is the season. Chen Jingyuan lost his father when he was a teenager, but his four brothers died one after another with ulterior motives. In the second year of Li Qing (A.D. 1042), he studied under Han Zhizhi, the director of Tianqing Temple in Gaoyou. After three years of trial, he became a Taoist. Later, he traveled to famous mountains and met Mr. Zhang Wumeng of HarmonyOS System in Tiantai Mountain. After years of recommendation by Zhang Wumeng, he learned the geomantic theory of Lao, Zhuang, Yi, Huang Baizhu and Qing-nang from Chen Tuan's ancestors. 1045 officially inherited the second generation of the old Huashan Sect. Later 108 1, the head of the old Huashan Sect officially passed it on to disciple Chen Yunke. After that, he lived in seclusion between Jianghuai and entertained himself with piano books.
work
The Sound and Meaning of Zhen Jing Jade Strategy in Shangqing Cave
Classic Notes on Ascension Island in the West
Ten volumes of micro-essays in the collection of moral classics
The Sound and Meaning of the Fourteen Volumes of South China True Classics
Notes on Tian Wen Zun Du Ren Shang Pin in Yuan Dynasty
Bi's biography
Zhuangzi note