Edit this ballad myth
1) Ballads and myths and legends before the appearance of characters.
It is recorded in ancient books. It is said that it appeared in the pre-Qin literature 2 "Wax Ci" in the Shennong era: "The soil is against its house! Water belongs to its valley! Insect, don't do it Vegetation, return to its jersey! " This is a farming sacrifice song. In addition, there is another sentence in Volume 9 of Wu Yue Chun Qiu: "Break bamboo, continue bamboo, fly soil, and kill them one by one." This poem reflects the process of primitive people making slingshots and hunting. The language is simple but rhythmic. Obviously, this is a very old ballad.
Myth is a collective oral creation in which ancient people artistically explain and describe the natural and social phenomena they come into contact with. Most of China's myths are preserved in ancient books such as Shan Hai Jing, Chu Ci, Zhuangzi, Liezi, Huainanzi, etc. Among all the ancient documents, Shan Hai Jing has the most theological value, and it is the book with the most preserved mythological materials in ancient China. These myths can be roughly divided into creation myths, flood myths, war myths, hero myths and so on. Among them, the famous ones are Pangu Tiankai, Goddess of mending Heaven, Huangdi's capture of Chiyou, Dayu's flood control, Houyi's shooting at the sun, Kuafu's chasing after the sun, Jingwei's reclamation and so on.
2) The germination of written literature after the appearance of characters.
After the writing came into being, China literature broke away from the legendary period. The inscriptions on Oracle Bone Inscriptions and some bronzes are the oldest known characters. The appearance of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jin Wen provided conditions for the development of oral literature to written literature, and marked the germination of written literature in China.
Classify and edit this historical prose.
Historical prose is gradually produced and matured on the basis of the cultural tradition of historians.
The development of historical prose can be roughly divided into three stages:
The first stage is represented by Shangshu and Chunqiu. Shangshu is the earliest compilation of historical documents in China, which is of fundamental significance in the history of ancient Chinese prose. The Spring and Autumn Annals compiled by Confucius is the first chronological history book in China, and it is the originator of chronological history books. Its style and "brushwork" had a classic influence on later prose.
The second stage is represented by Zuo Zhuan and Guoyu. Zuo Zhuan is the first chronicle work with detailed records in China, and it is also the most outstanding ideological and artistic work in pre-Qin historical prose. Guoyu is the earliest national history book in China, which is a collection of historical materials from various countries.
The third stage is represented by the Warring States policy. The Warring States Policy is also a national history book, which mainly describes the words and deeds of counselors and strategists during the Warring States period.
Philosopher's prose
Hundred schools of thought's essays were formed and flourished in the academic atmosphere of the awakening of rational spirit and the contention of a hundred schools of thought in the pre-Qin period.
The development of hundred schools of thought's prose has roughly experienced three stages:
At the turn of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period: The Analects of Confucius, Mozi and Laozi are the representatives. The Analects of Confucius recorded the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples in the form of quotations, which reflected the thoughts and activities of early Confucianism.
Mozi is a compilation of works of Mozi and his later studies, which reflects the thought of small producers represented by Mohism. Its artistic characteristics are obvious literariness and logic.
Laozi is basically the work of Laozi, the founder of Taoism. It combines profound philosophical thoughts and exquisite poetic language, showing a unique artistic style.
Mid-Warring States Period: represented by Mencius and Zhuangzi.
"Mencius" The works of Mencius and his disciples reflect the face of Confucianism in the mid-Warring States period. The prose of Mencius embodies the transition from bibliography to monograph, and its outstanding literary achievement lies in its superb art of argument. Zhuangzi is a work of Zhuang Zhou and his later studies, and it is also another classic of Taoism. His articles are famous among the pre-Qin philosophers for their unique artistic attainments. His brilliant thoughts, Wang Yang's wanton language and romantic style all reflect his unique position and brilliant literary achievements in various schools of thought.
The end of the Warring States Period: represented by Xunzi, Han Feizi and Lu Chunqiu. Xunzi is mostly written by Xunzi, and its ideological system is broad and profound, which is the further development of Confucianism. Most of his articles are well-structured and thoroughly discussed monographs, which indicates that the pre-Qin reasoning prose has entered a fully mature stage. Everything is done wrong is a masterpiece of legalist thought. The article is sharp and simple, which embodies the basic characteristics of legalist articles. Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals is a collective creation, a large-scale summary of pre-Qin academic thoughts, and has a strong literariness.
The Songs of Chu
Chuci, which originated in the Warring States Period, has special significance in the history of China literature. "Songs of the Chu Dynasty" refers to the poems and fu created with the local characteristics of Chu State, such as music, language and famous things. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang collected the works of Qu Yuan, Song Yu and others and compiled a book "Songs of the South". Together with The Book of Songs, it constitutes the source of China's poetry history. The unique aesthetic characteristics of Chu culture, coupled with Qu Yuan's unusual political experience and unique personality quality, created the brilliance of Chu Ci literature and made Qu Yuan the first great poet in the history of China literature.
Social and cultural editing this paragraph
oracle bone script
The Shang Dynasty from16th century BC to 1 1 th century BC was an important stage of slave society in China. Shang was originally a tribe with a long history living in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. It developed to the middle reaches of the Yellow River at the end of Xia Dynasty. After conquering many tribes, the Xia Dynasty was destroyed and the Shang Dynasty was established. From the establishment of Tang Cheng to the demise of Zhou Wang, * * * experienced 17 generations of 30 kings with a history of about 600 years. Businessmen "don't often go to unique skills." From Tang Cheng to Pan Geng, they moved the capital five times. Pan Geng moved its capital to Yin, which is now Xiaotun Village in Anyang, Henan Province, so Shang Dynasty was also called Yin or Yin Shang. Agriculture, animal husbandry and handicrafts were quite developed in the Yin and Shang Dynasties, and a large number of bronzes were produced and used, creating brilliant bronze technology and culture. It is said in the Book of History Daozi that "only the ancestors of Yin had books and records". Books were used for education, and there was an educational mechanism to teach sacrifices, rites and music, military affairs and ethics to aristocratic children. Yin people especially revere ghosts and gods, attach importance to divination, and write the results of divination on tortoise shells or animal bones. This is Oracle Bone Inscriptions. A large number of Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed from Yin Ruins in Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan Province at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China are the earliest characters that can be seen in China at present, which provide valuable information for the study of Yin Shang culture. The appearance of characters provides the most basic conditions for the emergence of written literature, and Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the seed of China's written literature.
A survey of pre-Qin literature
The emergence and development of literature are roughly synchronized with history and culture, and music, dance, painting and plastic arts are interrelated and influenced each other. China's rock paintings from the Paleolithic to the early Neolithic are distributed in more than 65,438,000 counties, cities and flags in more than 20 provinces and regions, including today's Hongkong and Taiwan Province provinces. The most famous ones are Yinshan Rock Paintings in Inner Mongolia, Cangyuan Rock Paintings in Yunnan, Huashan Rock Paintings in Guangxi, Jiangjunya Rock Paintings in Lianyungang, Hutubi Rock Paintings in Xinjiang, Gangcha Rock Paintings in Qinghai and Heishan Rock Paintings near Jiayuguan. The contents of rock paintings reflect nature worship, totem worship and primitive hunting, farming and dancing. Simplified characters and symbolized rock paintings may be the predecessors of ancient Chinese characters. More than a dozen bone flutes were unearthed from the Neolithic site in Jiahu, Wuyang, Henan Province. Most of them have seven holes, which can play seven notes, and some have tuning holes. The pottery urns unearthed in Jingcun, Wanrong County, Shanxi Province and Banpo Site, Shaanxi Province are not made according to absolute pitch, and one urn hole can make four sounds. Neolithic pottery is exquisite in craftsmanship. Pottery is painted with rope patterns, basket patterns, string patterns, checkered patterns or animal and plant patterns, with beautiful shapes and exquisite workmanship. These daily necessities have high aesthetic value. There are also many purely artistic stone tools and jade articles, such as the stone head of magnetic mountain culture Middle Site, Yuhuan of Liangzhu Cultural Site, mountain jade ornaments and jade cong, Longfeng and Gou of Longshan Culture, etc. In primitive society, painting, music and plastic arts are so developed that it is reasonable to produce literature. Because literature is the art of language, words and writing tools have not yet been produced, leaving no original records.
Edit this paragraph by word of mouth.
Zhixia's ballads, myths and legends in primitive society were all passed down from mouth to mouth, which belonged to oral literature and were preserved in later works. Although it has been tampered with in the process of communication, or branded with the brand of communication times, in terms of the essence of its content, it has striking similarities with other cultures and arts in primitive society, and it is the bud of China literature. Just as many animal embryos and plant buds are difficult to distinguish species from each other in appearance, literary embryos and buds have not yet formed independently.
/kloc-More than 0/00 years ago, Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed in Yin Ruins uncovered the mystery of the earliest writing in China. Tens of thousands of tortoise shells and animal bones engraved with special-shaped Chinese characters provide solid literature materials for the study of politics, economy and culture in the Shang Dynasty, among which there are many embryonic embryos of literature, and some Oracle Bone Inscriptions have quite obvious literary characteristics. Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a relic of the 273-year period from Pan Geng, King of Shang Dynasty, to his demise. Oracle Bone Inscriptions has a mature system, which shows that there were characters before Pan Geng moved to Yin, and China's ancient written literature began in Shang Dynasty.
A little later than Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the inscription is Zhong Ding. Zhong Ding's inscription was discovered very early in the Western Han Dynasty. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi said: "The county often gets mountains and rivers, and its inscription is the ancient prose of the previous generation." There are many "three generations of ancient artifacts" in the writings recording the inscriptions of ancient artifacts in Song Dynasty. There are few words in the inscriptions of Zhong Ding in the Shang Dynasty, but there are many words in the inscriptions of Zhong Ding in the Western Zhou Dynasty, the longest of which is close to 500 words, and they have formed a certain structural pattern, forming a veritable "article"?