There are more than 60 families, 1 10 genera and 190 tree species. Because of the low altitude difference, Neijiang terrain is mostly hilly and low mountains. The species, community composition and community dynamic characteristics of forest vegetation change obviously with the different physical and chemical properties of soil, and are relatively stable in the corresponding range. Its forest vegetation mainly includes coniferous forest, broad-leaved forest, bamboo forest and shrub forest.
From the use point of view, the forest vegetation in Neijiang is mainly timber forest, of which Weiyuan County is the largest and downtown area is the smallest. Economic forests are rich in tree species, mainly including tung tree forest, camellia oleifera forest and citrus forest, as well as other deciduous fruit trees, such as pear, apple, peach, plum, apricot, cherry, grape, mulberry forest, tea forest, olive, palm, walnut and Fraxinus mandshurica. Fuelwood forest is an important means of subsistence in rural areas of Neijiang City, which is widely distributed and has high yield, and most of it is renewable. The main tree species are Alnus cremastogyne, Sophora japonica, Coriaria sinica and Vitex negundo. There are other special-purpose environmental protection forests, experimental forests, parent forests, scenic forests, historical sites, revolutionary holy land forests, nature reserves and so on. Dominant tree species are Pinus massoniana, Cinnamomum camphora, Phoebe bournei, Pistacia chinensis and cypress, which are mainly distributed in urban areas and scenic spots in Zizhong.
2. What is the history of TCM? Traditional Chinese medicine is commonly known as "materia medica" in China ancient books.
The earliest monograph on traditional Chinese medicine in China is Shennong's Herbal Classic in Han Dynasty, and the Newly Revised Materia Medica promulgated in Tang Dynasty is the earliest pharmacopoeia in the world. The world calls it Tang herbal medicine.
Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica in Ming Dynasty summarized the experience of drug use before16th century, and made great contributions to the development of pharmacology in later generations. Before the Han Dynasty, with the appearance of characters, the knowledge of traditional Chinese medicine was recorded in characters.
The word "medicine" has been used in the bronze inscriptions of Shang Dynasty. The explanation of Shuo Wen Jie Zi is: "Cure the grass, follow the grass and have fun."
The origin, efficacy and therapeutic performance of 120 drugs have been recorded in The Book of Songs and The Classic of Mountains and Seas in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Fifty-two Diseases Prescriptions in Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period contains more than 280 prescriptions and uses more than 240 kinds of drugs.
For a long time, people used to regard materia medica as a synonym for traditional Chinese medicine. The word materia medica first appeared in Han Shu's "Pingdiji".
By the late Western Han Dynasty, the word "materia medica" had been used to refer to pharmaceutical monographs. The earliest existing pharmaceutical monograph is Shennong Herbal Classic.
Although it was entrusted with the name of "Shennong", it was not for a while. After textual research, the final book was written no later than the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty (2nd century AD).
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, since the end of the Han Dynasty, the types of drugs used by doctors have increased day by day, and the number and types of herbal works have also greatly increased. The word herbal medicine was first recorded by Ge Hong in the Jin Dynasty in Bao Puzi.
The first important compendium of materia medica was completed by Liang Tao Hongjing in 500 AD. During the Liu and Song Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties, Lei Biao wrote "On Baking", which included the processing methods of 300 kinds of drugs, and was the first monograph on processing in China.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the north and the south were unified, the economy and culture became increasingly prosperous, and medicine and pharmacy also developed greatly. In the fourth year of Tang Xianqing (AD 659), the court promulgated the New Materia Medica (also called Tang Materia Medica) edited by Li Ji and Su Jing.
It contains 844 kinds of drugs, and the completion of this book depends on the administrative power and human and material resources of the country. It is the first Pharmacopoeia in China; It is more than 800 years earlier than the European Nuremberg Pharmacopoeia 1542. In the Japanese ancient book Shi Yanxi, there is also a record that "all doctors have read Su Jingxin's revised materia medica".
The book "Medical Source" written by Zhang in Jin and Yuan Dynasties introduced the methods of medication for various diseases of zang-fu organs, and established the theory of dialectical medication for zang-fu organs. He advocated the theory of meridian tropism of traditional Chinese medicine in Pearl Capsule, the prescription of deficiency-cold and deficiency-heat in Zang-fu Specimen, and the method of bone-setting acupuncture for pain.
Later, the Law of Medication and Wang's Compendium of Materia Medica both discussed the medicinal properties. Li Shizhen, a great pharmacologist in Ming Dynasty (15 18- 1593) spent 27 years compiling Compendium of Materia Medica (52 volumes, about 2 million words, 1892 drugs,11).
The establishment of the Republic of China (19 12~ 1949) ended the feudal monarchy for more than two thousand years, but China did not change the semi-feudal and semi-colonial social nature. Coupled with years of national wars, social unrest and economic recession, China's scientific and technological development is slow and unbalanced, far behind Europe, America and Japan, and it has lost China's leading position in the world's science and technology before16th century.
With the influx of western technology and culture, the coexistence of Chinese and western medicine has emerged. Accordingly, traditional medicine in China is gradually called "traditional Chinese medicine" and "traditional Chinese medicine", and modern western medicine is gradually called "western medicine" and "western medicine".
Because * * * * adopted the policy of abolishing Chinese medicine, it hindered the development of Chinese medicine and triggered a general struggle in the field of Chinese medicine. Among academic medical workers, despite many difficulties, materia medica or traditional Chinese medicine has developed.
According to incomplete statistics, there were more than 260 kinds of TCM monographs in the Republic of China, most of which were novel in style, diverse in types and practical. Because their discussion scope, style and language are different from traditional materia medica, or for popular reasons, they are generally not named after materia medica.
During this period, there are many comprehensive works and lectures on traditional Chinese medicine, most of which are clinical practice. The former is represented by China Pharmacological Integration by Jiang and Jiang.
This book has two parts: general introduction and various theories. Generally speaking, the basic theoretical knowledge of traditional Chinese medicine is summarized. Each treatise is classified according to efficacy, and describes the aliases, smells, shapes, functions, preparation methods, toxicity, dosage, contraindications and prescriptions of more than 400 kinds of drugs.
Its style and content are basically similar to the former, but it is more concise and practical. For example, pharmacology is divided into 12 categories, such as drugs such as divergence, diuresis, regulating qi, regulating blood, warming and cooling, etc. Zhang's herbal justice belongs to the nature of traditional medical theory.
This book discusses the properties, functions, identification, processing and decocting methods of medicinal materials. It has a good influence on Chinese medicine. There are also many kinds of local traditional materia medica, among which Xiao Budan's Records of Herbs Collected in Lingnan and Gao Zongyue's Records of Taishan Herbs are more distinctive and enrich the varieties of drugs.
Dietetic materia medica has made great progress, most of which are rich in content and practical. For example, Qin Bowei's dietary guidelines are characterized by tradition and simplicity; Shen's Common Sense of Dietotherapy and Lu's Edible Materia Medica are mostly based on experience.
In other aspects, for example, Cao's "Identification of Counterfeit Drugs" based on "Identification of Counterfeit Drugs" in the late Qing Dynasty included 1 10 drugs, and discussed or compared their origin, shape, smell and indications. It provides valuable experience for identifying the authenticity of drugs. Yang Huating's Textual Research on Drugs quotes herbal literature to conduct scientific textual research on drug varieties, with maps attached, which is of great reference value.
In processing drugs, such as "Pharmacy in China" by Yang Shucheng and "Pharmaceutical Guide" updated by Zhou Fusheng, the relevant contents are more practical. At that time, in addition to the traditional expression, the works of traditional Chinese medicine also produced the combination of traditional Chinese and western medicine.
Huitong medical scientists use some achievements of natural science and western medicine to supplement the expression of the source, composition, efficacy and pharmacology of traditional Chinese medicine, or to explain the interaction between Chinese and western pharmacology; In the meantime, the depth, gains and losses are uneven. Among all kinds of works, New Feeling of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Latest Experimental Pharmacology and New Notes on Materia Medica by Ruan Qihui and Dong Keren are more representative.
In view of the large number and wide knowledge of Chinese medicine in this period, which brought inconvenience to the research and dissemination of Chinese medicine, I not only read and included a large number of introductory books on Chinese medicine, but also made a new dictionary of Chinese medicine. The most influential one is 1935 "China Pharmaceutical University" edited by Chen Cunren.
3. What are the authentic Chinese herbal medicines in southern Sichuan? Sichuan is known as "the hometown of traditional Chinese medicine and the treasure house of traditional Chinese medicine".
According to statistics, there are more than 5,000 kinds of traditional Chinese medicine resources in Sichuan, including more than 4,600 kinds of plant medicine, more than 320 kinds of animal medicine, and more than 30 kinds of mineral medicine/kloc-0, accounting for about 75% of the Chinese herbal medicine varieties. Among them, there are more than 30 kinds of famous authentic medicinal materials and main medicinal materials, such as Chuanxiong, Ophiopogon japonicus, Coptidis Rhizoma, Fritillaria and Cordyceps sinensis. , not only exported to China earlier and in large quantities, but also played an important role in the production and marketing of Fritillaria in Chuanxiong, Dujiangyan, Pixian, Pengzhou, Aba, chongzhou city and Ganzi. Aconitum carmichaeli and Jiangyou Radix Aconiti are the main raw materials; Aconitum cuspidatum is the mainstream variety, which is widely planted in Hongya County, Emei Mountain, Dayi County (William), Mianyang City in Maidong, Santai County (Maidong in Mianyang and Maidong in Sichuan) and Pingwu County in Tianma. Wild resources are widely distributed in Kangding County, Marcand County, Honghua jianyang city, Pingchang County (Chuanhonghua), Sichuan Minjiang River Basin, Qianwei County, Muchuan County, tianquan county (Achyranthes bidentata in tianquan county), Hongya County, Nanjiang County, Muchuan County (Chuanyinhua), Salvia miltiorrhiza Zhongjiang County (Zhongjiang Salvia miltiorrhiza), Pingwu County (Chuandanshen Salvia miltiorrhiza) and Psoralea Xichang City. Huangsi Yujin) Curcuma longa Qianwei County, chongzhou city, Shuangliu Zedoary Qianwei County, chongzhou city County, Shuangliu County, Neijiang City, Gulin County, Zhongjiang County, Paeonia lactiflora (Zhongjiang Paeonia lactiflora), Baizhiqu County, Suining City (Chuanbaizhi), Huangjing County, Emei Mountain City, Hongya County, Tongjiang County (Chuanhuangbai) and Dujiangyan City. There are many wild Lysimachia christinae resources in northeast Sichuan (Lysimachia christinae), Alisma orientale in pengshan county, Dujiangyan City (Alisma orientale) and Marcand County, Dujiangyan City (artificial breeding and live musk harvesting). Bear bile is mainly produced in Dujiangyan city (artificial feeding and live drainage), and Beichuan county in Xinyi is the main production. There are cultivated Wu Mei in Dayi County, Dazhou City, and cultivated Dipsacus in Liangshan Prefecture, Ganzi Prefecture and Tongjiang County, Aba Prefecture. Bupleurum chinense is widely cultivated in North China) Zitong County, Platycodon grandiflorum (Platycodon grandiflorum in Sichuan), Hanyuan County (Zanthoxylum bungeanum and red pepper in Sichuan), Dahuangchuanbei County, Chuanxi County, Jiuzhaigou County (formerly Nanping County), Cangxi County, Yilong County, Zhongjiang County, Long Dan Liangshan Prefecture are rich in wild resources. Sichuan Muxiang West Sichuan (Aba Prefecture) loquat leaves are cultivated all over Sichuan, as well as bergamot Qianwei County and Muchuan County (Sichuan Buddha County).